Community Development Free Essays

Community Development (CD) is a broad term applied to the practices and academic disciplines of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens and professionals to improve various aspects of local communities. Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people by providing them with the skills they need to effect change in their own communities. These skills are often created through the formation of large social groups working for a common agenda. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Community developers must understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities’ positions within the context of larger social institutions. There are a myriad of job titles for CD workers and their employers include public authorities and voluntary or non-governmental organisations, funded by the state and by independent grant making bodies. Since the nineteen seventies the prefix word ‘community’ has also been adopted by several other occupations from the police and health workers to planners and architects, who work with more disadvantaged groups and communities and have been influenced by CD approaches. CD practitioners have over many years developed a range of skills and approaches for working within local communities and in particular with disadvantaged people. These include less formal educational methods, community organising and group work skills. Since the nineteen sixties and seventies through the various anti poverty programmes in both developed and developing countries, CD practitioners have been influenced by structural analyses as to the causes of disadvantage and poverty i.e. inequalities in the distribution of wealth, income, land etc and especially political power and the need to mobilise people power to affect social change. Thus the influence of such educators as Paulo Friere and his focus upon this work also being about politicising the poor. Other key people who have influenced this field are Saul Alinsky (Rules for Radicals) and EF Schumacher (Small is Beautiful). The UK currently hosts the main international body representing community development, the International Association for Community Development. IACD  was started in the USA in 1953, moved to Belgium in the seventies and to the UK (Scotland) in 1998. Community development as a term has taken off widely in anglophone countries i.e. the USA, UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand and other countries in the Commonwealth. It is also used in some countries in eastern Europe with active CD associations in Hungary and Romania. The International Community Development Journal, published by Oxford University Press, and set up in 1967 has been the major forum for research and dissemination of international CD theory and practice. Community development approaches are recognised internationally. These methods and approaches have been acknowledged as significant for local social, economic, cultural, environmental and political development by such organisations as the UN, WHO, OECD, World Bank, Council of Europe and EU. How to cite Community Development, Papers Community Development Free Essays Community Development Planning Lecture 1: Understanding the key concepts of Community, Community Development Economic Development Course Learning Outcomes †¢ Explain the key concepts of social infrastructure in spatial planning †¢ Analyze social infrastructure issues in spatial planning †¢ Identify the various challenges of social infrastructure in spatial planning practices Community †¢ Various definitions: ? People who live within a geographically defined area and who have social and psychological ties with each other and with the place where they live (Mattessich and Monsey, 2004) ? A grouping of people who live close to one another and are united by common interests and mutual aids (National Research Council 1975) †¢ These definitions refer to people and the ties that bind them, then only to geographic locations †¢ It means, without people and the connections/ties, community will be only a collections of buildings and streets. †¢ However community does not necessarily means â€Å"living physically close to one another†. It also refers to social connections at other than living place such as workplace, sports centre, clubs or groups, or political affiliations. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Community can also be created through special interest or conditions such as disability, gender, belief †¢ In this era of social media (such as FB, Twitter) madness, communities can be created on virtual platform. Community Development (CD) †¢ Community Development is defined and described as.. – the process of developing stronger communities of people and the social and psychological ties they share. The educational process to enable citizens to address problems by group decision-making – Involvement in a process to achieve improvement in some aspect of community life – All these processes will result in an outcome which is the improvement of community capital. Community Capital Human Capital †¢ Labour supply, skills, experience, capabilities Physical Capital †¢ Buildings, streets, infrastructure Financial Capital †¢ Community financial institutions, micro loan funds, community development banks Environmental Capital †¢ Natural resources, weather, recreational opportunities Social Capital Social Capital †¢ Social Capital refers to the ability of residents to organize and mobilize their resources for the accomplishment of consensual defined goals †¢ It refers to the extent to which members of a community can work together effectively to develop and sustain strong relationships, solve problems and make group decisions, and collaborate effectively to achieve common goals Social Capital †¢ Some scholars make distinction between bonding capital and bridging capital †¢ Bonding capital refers to ties within homogenous groups (e. g. races, gender, people with the same economic background) †¢ Bridging capital refers to ties among different groups Community development chains Capacity building process Developing the ability to act Social capital Ability to act Community development outcome Taking action Community improvement Development ready community Economic development †¢ Community development and economic development is highly sinergistic. †¢ Community development – a planned effort to produce assets that increase the capacity of residents to improve their quality of life. The assets include: physical, human, social, financial, environmental †¢ Economic development – the process of creating wealth through the mobilization of human, financial, capital, physical and natural resources to generate marketable goods and services. The definitions are clearly parallel : community development is to produce and improve assets, economic development is to mobilize these assets which will bring greater benefits for the community ie. more goods, services, jobs etc. †¢ Both types of development are highly dependable on each other as most businesses will look for development-ready communities that are equipped with strong and established communities, good infrastructure, abundant supply of labour, safety, tel ecommunication etc. Community and economic development chains Community development outcome Taking action Community improvement Development ready community Economic development outcome Job creation Increased income and wealth Increased standard of living Capacity building process Developing the ability to act Social capital Ability to act Economic development process Creating and maintaining ED programs Mobilizing resources The end How to cite Community Development, Essay examples

Characteristics of the Romantic Music Period free essay sample

It is arguable that some Romantic music made greater demands upon Its listeners than did music of previous historical periods. What were those demands? Why did these changes come about? And what strategies can you formulate for listening to this music today? In consideration of the musical changes present in the Romantic era, this essay will contend that these changes are very much related to the wider social and technological changes in society around that time.Thus, it is important to identify the broad time period encompassed by this era. The definition of Romanticism In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Is: A movement or, more commonly, period of cultural history. When understood as a period, Romanticism is usually identified with either the first half or the whole of the 19th century. The term is used with reference primarily to the arts, but it can also embrace philosophy, socio-political history and, more widely, the spirit of the era. [l] Consequently, this essay views that Romantic music encompasses the whole of the nineteenth century and will consider some of the key changes which occurred around that time period. It has been argued that these changes have resulted in music which makes greater demands upon its listeners and this essay will highlight these demands and how they were influenced by those social and technological changes of that time, concluding with strategies for listening to this music today.Some of the music which can be used to Illustrate these changes are specific works by Beethoven, a composer, who Is viewed as a major Influence on the music of the nineteenth century. This can be evidenced by the Grove article on Romanticism, which deems it to be widely accepted that Beethoven inaugurated a Romantic The demands of Romantic music are characterized by several key changes. These changes can be summarized as follows: an increased intensity, both technical and musical; a greater use of radical con trasts In the music and a significant increase In the length of musical compositions.The increased intensity of Romantic music can be demonstrated by an analysis of the Diploma syllabus of the ABRAM[iii]. This syllabus provides an authoritative assessment framework [iv] for technical and musical ability and one can see that the vast preponderance of its pieces fall into the Romantic category. Furthermore, as one regresses through the levels of syllabus, the repertoire becomes more demanding [v] and the volume of Romantic pieces Increases steadily.A major factor in this change is the related technological advancements of that time period which resulted in the upgrading of a number of musical instruments to more advanced forms. This can be illustrated with reference to the specific example of the piano, an instrument refined considerably during the Romantic period. Key diameters and tensions, an extended number of octaves, the double escapement action and the cast iron frame[vi] Thus, the instrument of the nineteenth entry is far superior to its eighteenth century counterpart.The resultant musical changes include a greater quantity of octaves available and a greater range of power and dynamics made available to the composer. This had the obvious corollary of composers producing pieces with greater use of radical dynamic contrasts. According to Winter[viii], Romantic compos ers used their new piano to great effect: The single most important development in the sound of the Romantic piano was doubtless the new emphasis on the sustaining (or damper) pedal. These key changes of distinctive contrasts and increased intensity were aided by the accompanying social change in music around the Romantic period, which can be characterized by the rise of the virtuoso. Franz List, the legendary pianist, dazzled audiences across Europe, garnering rave reviews wherever he traveled, considered by The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians to be the greatest piano virtuoso of his time The improved piano was critical to his displays of technical prowess. Without it he would not have been able to play pieces as demanding on the instrument.The hitherto unimagined difficulty [x] of his Vying-equates grander à ©tudes pour eel piano[xi], was considered o much by the composer, he revised the ?à ©tudes and later published his ?à ©tudes descaution transcendent[xii], the latter still ferociously difficult but surpassed in that respect by the former. Given that a key feature of Lists playing style and compositions was technical skill, one could argue L ist could not have been the performer, or composer, he was, in the preceding century.Nicola ¶ Paginating was another virtuoso of the highest caliber a violinist[xiii]. He, too, gave fantastic performances to rapturous crowds in numerous countries. Milliamp Oratory, editor of The Harmonic, remarked that: [H]is powers of execution are little less than marvelous, and such as we could only have believed on the evidence of our own senses; they imply a strong natural propensity for music, with an industry, a perseverance, a devotedness and also a skill in inventing means, without any parallel in the history of his instrument. [xiv] Paginating, similar to List, composed works for his instrument, which were considered some of the hardest in its repertoire[xv] pushing the boundaries of the Romantic Olin to previously unseen heights. An excellent way for a virtuoso to show off their talents is a concerto. The ancestor provided a perfect vehicle to showcase the new technically advanced instruments and the music that could be performed on them[xvi]. One characteristic of Romantic concertos is their length.Indeed, this increased length is another key Snazzy interpretations of Beethovens piano concertos[xvii] are significantly greater in length than his interpretations of Mozart concertos[xviii]. Further illustration of this is the opening movements of Beethovens piano concertos numbers 4 and 5, which both last longer than a number of Mozart concertos in their entirety and are longer, by far, than any of Mozart first movements. Similarly, other forms of musical composition demonstrated increasing length during the Romantic era.Beethovens Piano Sonata number 29 ,immoralities, being a case in point, according to Maroon[xix], the extremely long solo piece was most likely the longest ever written at that time. The Hammerless sonata is also perfect example of the other previously stated Romantic characteristics. The use of pianissimo and fortissimo a bar apart in the final section of the first movement is but one example of the radical contrasts present in the piece as a whole[xx]. Another Lamar of Romantic music is present in this piece: extreme technical difficulty Ands Shift declared Hammerless virtually unplayable [xix].This increase in length was also evident in the Romantic symphony. One striking example being Beethovens Symphony number three, Rejoice, first published in 1804 [xii], at the very dawn of musical Romanticism its opening movement dwarf[s] any comparable previous movement [xiii]. According to Bonds[xiv], Rejoice is the start, for Beethoven at least, of music displaying profound Romantic characteristics: Particularly from the Rejoice onwards, Beethoven was seen to have explored a rarity of ways in which instrumental music could evoke images and ideas transcending the world of sound. Overall, these properties of Romanticism were influenced by the social changes of the nineteenth century. These changes meant that composers of the Romantic era had greater freedom than ever before. Unlike their counterparts in previous historical periods, they no longer had to be almost entirely dependent on the church or the state or wealthy, upper-class patrons[xv] [xvi]. As highlighted previously, musicians could support themselves by giving public concerts, Paginating earned so such money in one year that he could have bought 300 kilos of gold. [xvii] [xviii] As we can see in this example from Grove, the orchestra of the Romantic age was distinctly different from its predeces sors in that it was not for the personal amusement of royalty or a symbol of status: During most of the 18th century orchestras had been an accompaniment to and an expression of aristocratic court culture; in the 19th century the orchestra became central institution of public musical life. [xix] Given the demands illustrated through these changes, several strategies are suggested. Cursor to this, it would be a required and fruitful use of ones time to learn to do so if the skill has not already been learnt. Learning to play a piece of music would be the ideal realization of this strategy. However, this is not always possible and would be impractical for a piece with a large number of parts a symphony, for example. Nevertheless, one can study and appreciate the technical or musical difficulty Involved in a piece without being able to master it. Once able, listening too piece of music whilst consulting the score is also a useful tool for following a piece and kicking out specific parts.This is especially true of any orchestral piece. Another related strategy would be to try and put oneself in the shoes of a listener of the Romantic era. Listening to recordings performed on period instruments would be an ideal method of doing this. Also, learning more about the people of the period and what it would have been like for a nineteenth century person to listen to a certain work for the first time would be a further way to pursue this strategy. To learn, and appreciate, any other art forms linked with a piece of music is another strategy for listening to Romantic music for example, Beethovens Symphony number 9.Beethoven based the final movement on the poem Ode to Joy by Frederica Schaller[xx] the movement is scored for orchestra, four vocal soloists and a choir who sing the words of the poem. The case can be made that, to fully appreciate this work, one must appreciate the poem on which it is based. Additionally, understanding of the language the words are in German would take this strategy even further. Separating a piece of music into parts is another strategy for listening to Romantic music. For example, a symphony or sonata can be listened to as individual movements, easier to absorb than, perhaps, thirty minutes or an hours worth of music. Exploring huge compositions or collections at one time is not the correct strategy, the sheer volume of notes can be daunting and there is a danger that listening to too much music dulls one to the finer points of that music, it simply becomes noise. The distinct movements many composers put in their music should be utilized when first discovering a work, only once more understanding is cultivated should one attempt to listen to an entire concerto, sonata or symphony.Conclusively, it has been shown that Romantic music made greater demands upon its listeners than did music of previous historical periods. These demands ere: increased technical and musical intensity; the use of bold, vivid contrasts and a considerably augmented duration of musical compositions. These changes came about due to technological advancements of the period, le ss reliance on patronage and the musician became a respected and viable profession in the nineteenth century. There are many strategies which can be devised for listening to Romantic music, in the present day.

The Bear by William Falkner free essay sample

An in-depth examination of this American writers work and the suggestion that it represents true romantic American fiction. In this paper the author closely examines Falkners, The Bear. He suggests that it exhibits such values as the importance of nature in an individuals proving of him or herself and the importance of individual self-realization. The author contends that the book has a characteristic narrative style of a sparse and colloquial tone, meant to convey a reality of thought and expression, and consequently is the progeny of all the previous authors in the American Romantic tradition. From the paper: How could a story about a bear be a romantic tale, a reader might be tempted to ask upon hearing William Faulkners short story The Bear characterized as a work of classic American Romantic fiction. Perhaps it is, a kind of romance between a boy and the woods, between man and nature in mans determination to prove himself both worthy of the natural world, part of the natural world, and also master of it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bear by William Falkner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

How to Find Sample College Essays For Divorces

How to Find Sample College Essays For DivorcesIf you are a parent, you must have experienced the necessity of sample college essays for divorces. This is very important because it has many effects on your child's education. Having such a thing can surely assist your child in establishing and achieving good grades. This is the reason why you must have kept this article to help you understand how and where to find samples of college essays for divorces.You can usually find samples of college essays for divorces in the form of textbooks. There are plenty of books out there that will have this and it will be very easy for you to get them. The best thing about these books is that you can get them at a cheap price. You will never regret spending the money to purchase them since you can be assured that your child will benefit from these books.However, you must know that the use of these books will not be as effective as you would expect if you use sample college essays for divorces. They do not provide you with every single detail that you need. Since they are only general essays, they do not help you to write an essay on a particular topic. Therefore, you have to do this on your own by reading the sample books and using this to apply your knowledge to this.Another good source to get sample college essays for divorces is through internet. These websites are usually in the form of forums that will give you advice on how to apply the contents. However, you must know that this advice will not be the same as the book or the forum guide. This is because the internet can be accessed anywhere so you cannot be sure of the information that you get.Nonetheless, you still can benefit from these forums especially if you are using the content for something like a college application. These websites will give you the guidance on how to construct an essay on a particular topic that will surely help you. It is still up to you to use what you learn from these to apply in your future c ollege applications.Another source for sample college essays for divorces is if you have a personal tutor. You will not know if your tutor will have anything more to say about it since they are not really knowledgeable about the subject.These are some of the places where you can get essay samples. You can choose among them according to your own convenience. Just remember that you should choose the one that is convenient for you.You must understand that the most important thing is to always try to write the right words for this topic. You should also make sure that you are able to put your knowledge into the essay. As long as you do that, you will surely be able to complete this task without any hassles.

Free Essays on The Necklace

In the short story, â€Å" The Necklace†, written by Guy de Maupassant and the poem, â€Å"Kindly Unhitch that Star, Buddy† written by Odgen Nash, both works deal with success. Everyone wants to achieve success in many ways, but success doesn’t come very easily. In each work the authors use language and structure to convey ideas about success. In â€Å"The Necklace†, Mathlid Loisel wants to look and be successful anyway she can. Mathlid Loisel borrows a necklace for one night and loses it; she is forced to pay for it for the next ten years. During the time she is paying off the cost of the necklace, Mathlid Loisel becomes old and looks run down looking. Mathlide Loisel realizes that she had been relativity successful after losing the necklace. The theme of the necklace is that sometimes you are more successful than you may think. In â€Å"Kindly Unhitch That Star, Buddy†, the Poet Ogden Nash describes success in his poem. Nash is telling us that people would rather be successes than failures. Nash feels that it’s best that we all can’t be successful because then there wouldn’t be anyone left to despair. In the poem Nash describes how people have to strive to become successful. The theme of this poem is that success doesn’t come easily and that you must work to become successful. In each work, the authors use language and structure to convey ideas about success. In the poem, â€Å"Kindly Unhitch That Star, Buddy†, there are many examples of irony. Odgen Nash says in his poem, â€Å" and if all the ones who say no said yes, and vice versa, such is the fate of humanity that ninety- nine percent of them still wouldn’t be any better off than they were before.† He also uses alliteration, assonance and rhyme in his poem. Odgen Nash is very wise by using language and structure to convey ideas about success. This makes the read... Free Essays on The Necklace Free Essays on The Necklace Guy de Maupassant was a French novelist and short-story writer. In his short story â€Å"The Necklace†, he focuses on a pretty but poor lady whose name is Mathilde. Her character is introduced as having the belief that she should have been born into a higher class. She was unhappy (â€Å"as she had gone through bankruptcy [5]†) because she did not have any connection to enter into high society and become well known, so she could marry a distinguished man. Mathilde finally got married with a clerk in the Ministry of Education and still depressed with her life. Unfortunately society insists that true happiness requires ownership of many expensive possessions. Mathilde is a victim of materialism. She is a middle class woman who wants to be part of the upper class. Her desire to live a life of luxury prevents her from finding satisfaction with other aspect of her life. Her husband goes through a great deal of trouble to get an invitation to a fancy party however, when he tells her the news, she replies coldly: â€Å"What do you want me to do with this?† (Maupassant 6). He makes every effort to convince her to go to the party and even sacrifices his savings for her to buy a new dress. As they were getting closer to the party, Mathilde seemed upset with something. Finally, her husband finds out that it is because she did not have any jewelry to dress up with therefore she did not want to go to the party. Her husband tried to convince her to wear a corsage of cut flowers, but it did not work, and he came up with an idea and told Mathilde to go to her friend Mrs. Forestier and see if she can borrow some jewelry. She treats her with kindness and lets her choose any piece of jewelry to borrow. After searching through Mrs. Forestier’s jewel collection, Mathilde chooses the one that she expects will draw the most attention. Without realizing, Mathilde loses the necklace at the party. Mr. And Mrs. Loisel sacrifice everything in order to buy a ... Free Essays on The Necklace Mrs. Mathilde Loisel In â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy De Maupassant the protagonist character is Mathilde Loisel. Mathilde is an attractive young woman that has an ambitious imagination of fanciful dining and expensive material things. Her husband, Mr. Loisel, is more of a passive, easily controlled, generous man. Despite his job as a clerk he gives whatever he has to please his dear wife. The couple is invited to a formal dinner with the Chancellor of Education, who is obviously one of the wealthy people in society. Instead of being delighted that they were invited Mathilde complains and cries because she does not own anything suitable enough for wear. Mr. Loisel gives up his summer savings in order to afford a new dress for Mathilde but when the night comes she is not completely pleased so Mathilde borrows a beautiful diamond necklace from a wealthy friend, Jeanne. After a wonderful night of beauty and admiration the necklace is lost. Without even thinking about telling the truth of the ne cklac! e the Loisel’s put themselves into debt for a ten-year period in order to afford a replacement. It was the hard work of paying off the debt that changed Mrs. Loisel. She did all the cleaning from washing clothes to moping the floor that frayed her used to be soft hands and long manicured nails. Mrs. Loisel might have learned her lesson but she still held resentment towards the so-called wealthy friend, Jeanne. When Mrs. Loisel finally was able to talk to Jeanne she found out the necklace she had lost was only costume jewelry. The symbol of wealth to Mrs. Loisel was just a fake one but it was one that taught her the real meaning of money and desire.... Free Essays on The Necklace In the short story, â€Å" The Necklace†, written by Guy de Maupassant and the poem, â€Å"Kindly Unhitch that Star, Buddy† written by Odgen Nash, both works deal with success. Everyone wants to achieve success in many ways, but success doesn’t come very easily. In each work the authors use language and structure to convey ideas about success. In â€Å"The Necklace†, Mathlid Loisel wants to look and be successful anyway she can. Mathlid Loisel borrows a necklace for one night and loses it; she is forced to pay for it for the next ten years. During the time she is paying off the cost of the necklace, Mathlid Loisel becomes old and looks run down looking. Mathlide Loisel realizes that she had been relativity successful after losing the necklace. The theme of the necklace is that sometimes you are more successful than you may think. In â€Å"Kindly Unhitch That Star, Buddy†, the Poet Ogden Nash describes success in his poem. Nash is telling us that people would rather be successes than failures. Nash feels that it’s best that we all can’t be successful because then there wouldn’t be anyone left to despair. In the poem Nash describes how people have to strive to become successful. The theme of this poem is that success doesn’t come easily and that you must work to become successful. In each work, the authors use language and structure to convey ideas about success. In the poem, â€Å"Kindly Unhitch That Star, Buddy†, there are many examples of irony. Odgen Nash says in his poem, â€Å" and if all the ones who say no said yes, and vice versa, such is the fate of humanity that ninety- nine percent of them still wouldn’t be any better off than they were before.† He also uses alliteration, assonance and rhyme in his poem. Odgen Nash is very wise by using language and structure to convey ideas about success. This makes the read... Free Essays on The Necklace The Necklace At the beginning of the story the â€Å"The Necklace† the author De Maupassant illustrates that the main character Mathilde is poor and discontent with her life. She married a clerk who works for the Ministry of Education. He is hard working and loves Mathlide very much. He tries to please her in every way possible but she still is not satisfied or happy with the lifestyle she has. She sits around pondering most of the days thinking of how she would one day enjoy being wealthy and having the clothes, jewels, and delicacies the rich acquire. Although it might seem as if these things are just a dream to her she finally gets the opportunity to experience the chance of fitting in with the rich. Mr. Loisel and Mathilde get invited to go to a party held by Mr. Loisel’s company. The party is intended for only the most important people of the company to come. This story explains how Mathilde’s life is before and after the tragedy of the necklace and how ironic h er character is. From the beginning of the story it shows how Mathilde is very selfish in the way she lives and foresees her life. It seems as if Mathilde is so depressed with her stature in life that she would rather daydream all day of being rich and gorgeous. She thinks about wearing beautiful dresses, extravagant jewelry, and living in a big house with maids. She wonders around her apartment contemplating what she would do with her life if she had money and what she would do with it. Mathilde shows no regard for anyone but herself. She cannot stand to see other people with money because she just gets jealous and angry looking at what she could someday be. She has a friend, a former schoolmate at the convent, who was rich, and whom she did not like to go see because of her wealth. Mathilde acts very selfish towards her husband. He sacrifices his whole life earnings for her and Mathilde shows no appreciation for anything. All she wants is a different... Free Essays on The Necklace Irony Isolates Character In â€Å"The Necklace,† Guy de Maupassant deliberately attempts not to show the significance of the diamond necklace to express irony through out the story. He uses irony to isolate the main character, Mathilde Loisel. By isolating the main character from the other characters, Maupassant will illustrate certain flaws in Mathilde life. Maupassant ironic twist of fate demonstrates a life lesson for Mathilde. The lesson in the story puts Mathilde on the right path of understanding her true identity. Maupassant uses various situations through the story to reflect the changes of what Mathilde Loisel goes through concerning her attitudes, desires, and self-acceptance related towards her formal and new life. Mathilde Loisel attitude towards her social ranking makes her feel cheated in life. Mathilde wants to be equal to the highest rank of women. She feels her beauty should put her in that ranking. Details about the apartment show Mathilde frustrations of her home. The apartment seems to be finely kept considering the fact she has a peasant who does all her tedious housework, but Mathilde looks beyond the acceptable apartment. Instead she dreads the look of her old furniture, the plain curtains and the wretchard look of the walls. The husband also encounters Mathilde attitude by the fact that she throws the joyous news her husband brings her on the three day old cloth covering the table. Ironically, her actions, overlooked how good she had it in life and her husbands intentions by bring home the invitation. Mathilde attitude is fueled by her desires in life. These desires takes Mathilde out of the real world into her own world. Mathilde desire of a luxurious life sets the tone of the story. Mathilde inability to face the real w... Free Essays on The Necklace The Metamorphosis of Mathilde Loisel In de Maupassant’s â€Å"The Necklace,† Mathilde Loisel is somewhat like a butterfly. She starts as a cocoon in the beginning of the story, hoping one day she will become a butterfly. In human words, Mathilde dreams about living in a higher society. These unrealistic ideas cause dissatisfaction in her life. But as fate comes to us all, it finds Mathilde at a high-class society party, which is where she loses a necklace she has borrowed from a very wealthy friend, crushing any hope of becoming a butterfly. It is then that Mathilde begins to appreciate her present situation. Mathilde’s cocoon state starts with her daily life with her husband. The transformation goes in reverse, cocoon to a caterpillar, as she moves from her home to the attic flat apartment. The last transformation, caterpillar to a pulp, occurs when Mathilde hits bottom, which is the final stage of the metamorphosis. Living in high-class society is the fantasy of Mathilde Loisel. Mathilde is a very pretty but unfortunate woman. Her husband, Mr. Loisel, is a poor clerk. Dreams of living in high-class society and wealth fill her daydreams: â€Å"feeling herself destined for all delicacies and luxuries† (paragraph 3). The luxuries are unrealistic and unattainable to her. Her husband has normal tastes and is satisfied with what he has. Seeing that he is so content while she wants so much more frustrates her. Some of the frustration goes away when the two of them are invited to dinner at the Ministry of Education. Although she is still frustrated because she has nothing to wear, he gives up the money he has saved to buy a shotgun to buy her a dress. Still wanting, she asks to borrow a necklace from a rich friend, Mrs. Forrestier: â€Å"Could you lend me this, nothing but this â€Å" (paragraph 46)? It would complete her attire and make her happy for the moment. Mathilde and her husband attend the dinner. Mathilde feels like a real succe...

Scotch Tape and Inventor Richard Drew

Scotch Tape and Inventor Richard Drew Scotch tape was invented in 1930 by banjo-playing 3M engineer Richard Drew. Scotch tape was the worlds first transparent adhesive tape. Drew also invented the first masking tape in 1925- a 2-inch-wide tan paper tape with a pressure sensitive adhesive backing. Richard Drew - Background In 1923, Drew joined the 3M company located in St. Paul, Minnesota. At the time, 3M only made sandpaper. Drew was product testing 3Ms Wetordry brand sandpaper at a local auto body shop, when he noticed that auto painters were having a hard time making clean dividing lines on two-color paint jobs. Richard Drew was inspired to invent the worlds first masking tape in 1925, as a solution to the auto painters dilemma. Brandname Scotch The brand name Scotch came about while Drew was testing his first masking tape to determine how much adhesive he needed to add. The body shop painter became frustrated with the sample masking tape and exclaimed, Take this tape back to those Scotch bosses of yours and tell them to put more adhesive on it! The name was soon applied to the entire line of 3M tapes. Scotch Brand Cellulose Tape was invented five years later. Made with a nearly invisible adhesive, the waterproof transparent tape was made from  oils, resins, and rubber; and had a coated backing. According to 3M Drew, a young 3M engineer, invented the first waterproof, see-through, pressure-sensitive tape, thus supplying an attractive, moisture-proof way to seal food wrap for bakers, grocers, and meat packers. Drew sent a trial shipment of the new Scotch cellulose tape to a Chicago firm specializing in package printing for bakery products. The response was, Put this product on the market! Shortly after, heat sealing reduced the original use of the new tape. However, Americans in a depressed economy discovered they could use the tape to mend a wide variety of things like torn pages of books and documents, broken toys, ripped window shades, even dilapidated currency. Besides using  Scotch  as a prefix in its brand names (Scotchgard,  Scotchlite and  Scotch-Brite), the company also used the Scotch name for its (mainly professional) audiovisual magnetic tape products, until the early 1990s when the tapes were branded solely with the 3M logo.  In 1996, 3M exited the magnetic tape business, selling its assets. John A Borden - Tape Dispenser John A Borden, another 3M engineer, invented the first tape dispenser with a built-in cutter blade in 1932. Scotch Brand Magic Transparent Tape  was invented in 1961, an almost invisible tape that never discolored and could be written on. Scotty McTape Scotty McTape, a  kilt-wearing  cartoon  boy, was the brands  mascot  for two decades, first appearing in 1944.  The familiar  tartan  design, a take on the well-known  Wallace  tartan, was introduced in 1945. Other Uses In 1953, Soviet scientists showed that  triboluminescence  caused by peeling a roll of an unidentified Scotch brand tape in a  vacuum  can produce  X-rays.  In 2008, American scientists performed an experiment that showed the rays can be strong enough to leave an X-ray image of a finger on  photographic paper.

Environmental Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Archaeology - Essay Example Most studies, since the ancient times, have indicated that increased human activities on the environment have led to environmental degradation and transformation. However, this paper presents environmental, archeological view that lack of human activities on the environment leads to land degradation and transformation. Since the ancient periods, it is highly believed that increased human activities on the environment have caused environmental transformation and degradation. Almost all human activities have either positive or negative effect on the environment. For example, all types of pollutions are because of human activity. The pronounced sources of pollution are water pollution, air pollution, and farming (Chambers, 2004). Farming is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and pollution. This is because most farmers are determined to practice only one form of animal husbandry, and produce a single crop. This is believed to fuel the loss of biodiversity since natural f orests are cleared to create space for these human activities. Clearing of land exposes the soil surface to rainfall and surface run-offs, which causes soil erosion (Chambers, 2004). In addition, cleared forests reduce the amount of natural habitat available for wildlife. Unlike the traditional assumptions that increased human activity leads to environmental degradation and transformation, â€Å"culture-centric† perspective on the environmental archeology argues that lack of human activities leads to environmental degradation and transformation (Chris, 2003). Deforestation caused through human activities, such as logging and burning, is at times beneficial to both plants and animals. Animals, plants, and trees naturally recover from burnt forests if the space is not occupied by human settlements. Birds such as woodpeckers survive well in freshly burned areas more than thickets where they feed on insects that occupy the burned area (Hall & Harry, 2006). In addition, seed dispe rsion is enhanced through human activities such as the search for food. Trees like lodgepole produce serrotonous cones. These cones are fused shut, and they only burst when burnt. Wildfires set by human burn these cones, thereby spreading their seeds into burnt areas with little competition (Hall & Harry, 2006). After 20 years of growth, the burned area soon becomes fully occupied by medium-height lodgepole pines. An example of such area is Yellowstone National Park (Chambers, 2004). This, therefore, indicates human activities such as deforestation can enhance dispersion of seeds from one area to another, thus the spread of plant and tree species. Human’s ability to confine wild animals into specific areas has also created order in the environment. Wild animals are an integral part of the natural environment, and their existence creates a balance in the ecosystem. However, due to dynamic environmental degradations and transformations, human realized the need to conserve the w ild animals in parks and zoos to protect them from drought and poaching among other factors (Rashid et al, 2005). Through conservation, animals are protected from the loss of habitat, climatic changes, hunting, natural calamities, pollution, over-exploitation, pesticides, and toxic chemicals (Rashid et al, 2005). This has ensured successful utilization of available natural resources by regulating the rate of competition among the animals, and protecting them from external threats (Rashid et al, 2