Corn Coffee Essay

Corn ranks second to rice, not only in terms of area devoted to its production but it has been a staple food of about 20% of the total population of the Filipinos. Aside from this, the green corn, boiled or roasted, is a popular snack food and may also be cooked a vegetable or soup. Other by-products of corn include corn flour and syrup, sugar and oil. In terms of nutritive value, corn is richer source of vitamin A than polished rice. It contains high amounts of minerals such as calcium and phosphorous. Moreover, it is also a source of starch derivatives for oil, fibers and other industrial uses. Corn is raised as source of food and food products for people, livestock feed, and industrial products including ceramics, explosives, construction materials, metal molds, paints, paper goods, textiles, industrial alcohols, and ethanol. Corn is now also used to produce a healthy coffee as people nowadays are health conscious. Since corn coffee was introduced in the Manila market by the farmers of Sumilao, Bukidnon, further study about corn coffee in Region III (Central Luzon) was made since corn is abundant on the said region. Distribution of questionnaires and analysis activities conducted to determine the frequency distribution of corn coffee in the market because this is not the first to introduce corn coffee in the Philippine market especially in Manila. On the data gathered, 98% of the respondents are coffee drinkers, majority of them are young professionals, 91% of them have no knowledge about corn coffee, 88% are willing to try corn coffee and 22% have no idea what would corn coffee would taste like. With this data, Le Maiz come up on marketing strategies how to introduce and expand the corn coffee market in Region III and NCR. Corn Cafe is an alternative to coffee beans that is rich in nutrients that coffee beans can not provide. The company’s objective is to fit in and adapt to the people’s taste and preferences as well as offering diverse kinds of nutritious products. Effective marketing program and strategy would be made in order to meet the established objective. The marketing strategies will consist of flyers, radio and newspaper advertisements, trade fairs, vis-a-vis contact with customers. 10% of the gross sale will be allocated on marketing the product. On technical aspect, the production of corn coffee is simple, healthy and all natural that it has only one ingredient, which is the corn alone, no additives and a healthy alternative of drinking coffee. Preparation of corn before roasting is the first step in making our product, roasting, grinding/ pulverizing are the main activities in making corn coffee. Packaging and putting into the storage were done before putting on the distribution channel like our selling area, inner-retail coffee stands as well as supermarkets within our designated market. On this study, corn coffee production started January 2011. Corn was purchased at the average of Php15 per kilo. The sum of 15,600 kilograms of Corn were purchased during 2011 while on 2012 to 2015, 12,480 kilograms of corn were purchased. Also, part of Raw Materials inventories are Packaging Slip and Sticker. 60,000 pcs. were purchased respectively. Around 1% has incurred in transportation cost and other miscellaneous expense. Purchases Return and Allowances is expected to be 1% of Gross Purchases while Purchase Discount will be 2% Net of Freight In. The production of coffee is continuous process thus leaving no goods in progress beginning or ending. This is in line with company’s policy to keep the product fresh and all natural. Sales Return and Allowances is expected to be 1% of Gross Sales. Sales Discount of 2% is given to cash buyers but only 5% of Gross Sales will avail the discount. Operating expenses is divided into 2 category; Distribution Cost and Administrative Cost. For Distribution cost for 2011( % of Gross Sales ); Traveling 1%, Advertising 5%, Delivery 10% and Depreciation expense based on Straight Line Depreciation of 5yrs. For Administrative cost ( % of Gross Sales ); Officers’ Salaries, 3 partners assumed as managing partners with annual salary of 96,000. 00 each. The Pre-operating cost Php 9,454. 00 has been incurred which include DTI registration, Dole registration, BIR Fee, SSS registration, Police Clearance, Barangay Clearance and Business Permit issued by Tarlac City Hall. Office supplies is 10%, Depreciation Expense ( Straight Line Depreciation of 5 yrs. ), Lease Payment ( 40% to Administration ), other expenses is 1%. On socio-economic aspect, we have shown the significance of our business and its contributions to the society. Its share to community and to its people is to create employment and thus improving the standard of living of people in the community. It can also help the community development by way of paying taxes in the government. It is through taxes paid by businesses and individuals that the government funded its projects such as roads, bridges, and community development. Lowering of prices of competitors to compete with the product in order to maintain the customers. We could also help the people in community by utilizing local materials which is very abundant in the province. We can motivate farmers to grow corn and not just corn but corn of good quality. Our business can be the pride of our province since it’s inclined with the program of the Department of Trade and Industry which is the â€Å"One Town One Product†. Lastly, the Le Maiz proponents chose partnership as the form of organization. Aside from the six (6) partners, we will be hiring three (3) employees to help to produce and market the healthy and nutritious coffee. Le Maiz with a mission, to provide coffee drinkers quality products, quality service, affordable prices and a healthy lifestyle. Competent and responsible employees will be hired for the success of the company. The company shall also continue working for innovative and efficient ways of achieving the company’s goals. The company’s vision are to be number one (1) corn coffee in the Philippines; to expand not only in Central Luzon and NCR but throughout the country as well; to build own production and distribution facilities and to adopt new technologies and methodologies. The company decided a hierarchical type of organizational chart. The capitalist partners will act as the general manager and three of the six (6) partners will be managing partners whom will receive monthly salary as well as the three (3) employees. On Administrative Department, the Administrative Officer/ Purchasing Officer will be the crucial person in the organization, he assumes the full control on the organization’s activities and is responsible for all decisions undertaken by the organization, responsible in monitoring and managing the production of corn coffee, counter checks the financial position of the organization, handles all personnel and the daily business activities, purchase ordered and will deliver on time to the production area and hold the budget for purchases of raw materials and shall provide summary or report of the used and unused funds. On Sales Department, the Marketing Officer/ Salesperson is responsible for the all related selling activities, product development, packaging, proposes new ideas for improvement and replacement, communicating with suppliers of materials and know the current trend in the market. For the Inventory Officer, he is responsible in listing down sales, the used materials and finished products. Must be alert, with good communication skills, trustworthy and diligent. The three (3) employees that will work for the company were the Machine Operator, responsible on the control of the machine in producing corn coffee, Packager, for packaging of the finished products and Delivery Man, he will act as the driver and responsible in delivering the finished products to our target markets.

My First Day at University

My first day in buic I remember my first day I had wait all the summer to enter the university. I felt excited and at the same time I was very nervous because it was my first day in the university and I didn't know any person. My first day in the university was good and give my love and pain to me. I didn't know how to find my classroom. I was lost and I had to ask one person the easy way to go to there. This person was very nice and told me the right direction. I wouldn't find my classroom I arrived to classroom late. When I walked on, I saw some people and I felt strange.I approached to one girl and asked for the classroom. It’s so lucky when I knew that we were in the same group, so I felt less nervous. I introduced myself and she also did it, her name is tip. We came in the classroom when the time to start classes began. All our classmates were quiet, nobody talked at all. The teacher arrived early. She started the class and after that we introduced ourselves. There were m any people that came from different areas of over country, they were friendly and interested. tip and I sat closely and talked very much. After that, we spent the rest of the day together until we had to go home.We felt that we have many things in common with each other. Day by day, we have been best friends at university and usually helped each other in studies and also in life. At last ,days ago It was a Saturday when I first saw her. Her brown caramel eyes made my heart skip a beat for I had never seen anything so breathtaking. Her skin was a russet color and her hair was a shady black. That first moment when we saw each other is engraved in my head. I can still hear my heart throbbing loudly in my chest as her eyes landed on me in that small room.We stared at each other as she made her way to the seat in front of me and a smile flicked on her lips to seal that moment. It took a year for me to talk to her; we became best friends but nothing more, nothing that I wanted. Her life w as mine, her thoughts were mine, she was my world and she didn't even know. Everyone said that we had something between us, she always laughed because she never notice how I shatter every time she notice someone else, but what really destroyed me was the day she broke the news that she was leaving and maybe never coming back.I am always going to remember that day because I had the opportunity to meet more people ,especially made friend with tip. Finally, I think it is natural that on the first day we feel nervous, but this always have a happy ending. that's why I believe my first day in the university was very good. My love for her is like the waves in the sea, it comes and it goes and She made me cry but she also made me laugh. But she never come back to me forever.

Arguments for/Against Morality of Abortion

Morality of Abortion For Abortion (utilitarian): Anything having a net output of benefits with consideration of everyone is morally permissible [1, 7]. An abortion is a procedure to end a pregnancy and the procedure is performed by a licensed health care professional [2]. Medical or surgical abortions performed in the first trimester do not significantly affect later infertility, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, or preterm or low-birth-weight deliveries, according to The Kaiser Family Foundation's statistics on abortion [3], and shows no greater risk of breast cancer, according to research from the National Cancer Institute [8].There is about 1 death per 100,000 legal abortions and the risk of complications from the abortions are rare, about less than 0. 3% [3]. In the question of whether fetuses can feel pain during an abortion, evidence from research concludes that â€Å"fetuses from 20-23 weeks do not feel pain† [6] – whereas abortions mostly occur before tha t time period [3]. In conclusion, since the legal abortions are performed by a professional and the benefits outweigh the costs, abortion is morally permissible. Against Abortion (kantian): Killing an innocent human life form is wrong.The fetus is an innocent human life form, therefore it is wrong to abort the fetus [1]. According to the Women's Center statistics, teenagers are more likely to delay having an abortion until 15 weeks of pregnancy, when the medical risks are greater [4]. The federal law dictates that states cover abortions under Medicaid under cases of rape, incest, or life endangerment [3], but having wider access to contraception would be a better solution to the problem of abortion and enable private companies to take on the burden of the costs[5].A fetus â€Å"possesses a property, the possession of which in adult human beings is sufficient to make killing an adult human being wrong† [9]. The arguments for abortion are apt to â€Å"'speciesism'† [9] b ecause the arguments center around the notion that a â€Å"human being† should have reasoning ability, critical thought, or consciousness in order to pass as a human being. We cannot focus on consciousness or rationality as a definition of a person because it has the fallacy of being too narrow of a definition since a erson in a coma is still considered a human being. In conclusion, since fetuses possess the ability to gain rationality, and don't need it to be defined as a human being, abortion is wrong because it is murder, and murder is not justifiable. Works Cited Gensler, Harry J. â€Å"A Kantian Argument against Abortion. †Ã‚  Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition  49. 1 (1986): 83-96. JSTOR. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. jstor. org/stable/4319811;. â€Å"Abortion†.MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine (US). Web. 2013 Jan 28. ;http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/abortion. html#cat22; â€Å"Aborti on in the U. S. : Utilization, Financing, and Access. †Ã‚  The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. The Kaiser Family Foundation, June 2008. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. kff. org/womenshealth/upload/3269-02. pdf;. â€Å"Abortion Statistics, Facts About Abortion In The US. †Ã‚  Orlando Women’s Centers. The Women’s Centers, n. d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. womenscenter. om/abortion_stats. html;. â€Å"Second-Trimester Abortion Overview. †Ã‚  The Pro-Choice Public Education Project. Reproductive Health Technologies Project, n. d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. rhtp. org/abortion/documents/Second-TrimesterAbortionFactSheetExternal. pdf;. Christian, Brugger E. â€Å"The Problem of Fetal Pain and Abortion: Toward an Ethical Consensus for Appropriate Behavior. †Ã‚  Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal  22. 3 (2012): 263-87. U. S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/p ubmed/23285794? tool=MedlinePlus;. Vaughn, Lewis. Doing Ethics: Moral Reasoning and Contemporary Issues. 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton ;, 2013. Print. â€Å"Abortion, Miscarriage, and Breast Cancer Risk. †Ã‚  National Cancer Institute Factsheet. National Cancer Institute (NCI), n. d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. ;http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/abortion-miscarriage;. Marquis, Don. â€Å"Why Abortion Is Immoral. †Ã‚  Journal of

Discuss the view that entrepreneurship is chiefly concerned with Essay

Discuss the view that entrepreneurship is chiefly concerned with wealth creation in a small business context - Essay Example All entrepreneurships share the primary objective of increased profitability, this implies that the entrepreneur must employ every feature possible and manipulate the internal structure of the organization in order to increase its market share thus accumulating more wealth. Small businesses have smaller management structures, which make management easier thus steering the desired growth through wealth creation as discussed in the essay below. Entrepreneurs take risks on a daily basis. In their operations, they seek to increase their market shares thus compelling them to carry out extensive market researches with the view of increasing their operations. Small businesses feel the pressure since they have smaller capitals but have the desire to increase their capital bases through heightened wealth creation. To achieve such, most small businesses diversify their operations thus spreading their risks across several industries. Most small business suffers from uncertainty, by diversifying their operations and products they venture into different industries and markets thus retain a portion of every market. With such an operation, the businesses have a surety of an excellent performance in at least an industry thus cushioning the rest from possible loses. The uncertainty and the lack of adequate capital thus compel small entrepreneurs to view entrepreneurship as concerned with wealth creation. Bigger companies have well-structured decision-making organs and make decisive decision on their investments. Additionally, such businesses enjoy larger market shares and larger capital bases. They can therefore take risks and gamble with their investments. Such are the luxuries that smaller businesses do not enjoy. Smaller entrepreneurs approach the practice with the view of making more money and saving as much of it as possible. While a big business like Wells Fargo in the United Kingdom can decide to venture into real estate, a smaller business owned by a sole proprietor may not since such individuals lack adequate capital and may not dare risk their small capital on such a precarious industry. This depicts the inability of smaller businesses to carry out effective market research and capital drives. Big businesses use their money to create more capital while smaller businesses save up their profit in the process of capital accumulation and wealth creation (Peter, 1994). Management, a fundamental operational feature in businesses refers to the coordination of the people concerned in order to realize a set of goals and objectives. The management of small businesses is less coordinated owing to their small structures. Big businesses on the other hand have effectively coordinated structures and therefore make informed investment decisions less likely to incur losses. In a small business context, management is reduced to a one-person affair. Management in an organization comprises staffing, controlling, planning and organizing the activities in a business organization. The functions are all vital in the achievement of the objectives of the business (Homburg, Sabine & Harley, 2009). To big businesses, such functions are well coordinated by professionals who make effective decisions concerning the attainment of the organizational goals. Big organizations have elaborate structures and may not always benefit an individual. In such organizations, the longevity of the business and its sustained profitability is always of more importance

Intelligence Challenges in Homeland Security Essay

Intelligence Challenges in Homeland Security - Essay Example Government and policy maker should consider intelligence community activities are welcomed just as civil liberty is respected. Moreover, the acceptance of the intelligence community activates ease the tension created through their course of duties. Public debate and civil society’s participation also ensure that people understand the reason and purpose of the intelligence community.2 The security of a country depends on the success or failure of the intelligence community. Intelligence community has grown over for more than 30 years and has evolved with the advent of new technology to support the functions of government in the provision of services to the citizens. Therefore, a balance between civil liberty and intelligence community ensures that people are secured with all that government offers, and their life is protected.3 The current governments are formed through a democratic process and, therefore, intelligence community need to respects the values of democracy to deceive it activities with dictatorship. One of the important measures that balances civil liberty with the intelligence community is the institutionalization of civil society.4 I agree that civil liberties hinder efficient collection of intelligence information from individuals and corporations. The right of liberty guarantees people from surveillance by people and government without their knowledge. Therefore, to ensure that security is guaranteed by the government agencies civil liberties and intelligence community activities should strike a balance. I concur that the engagement of civil societies and public debate ensures that people understands the roles of the intelligence community and thus offers assistance rather that threatening on civil suits. However, public participation may post a threat to national security as not all information is supposed to be shared, it is essential to make people aware of the need for intelligence collection. I agree that the intelligence

How have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, Essay

How have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, and Isolation to Attain Equality and Civil Rights - Essay Example With some clever and much-needed moves, they have come out of the stigma that gauged people based on their skin color. This is no more a scenario in US. These people have broken the hard chains and have come out of the discrimination, segregation and isolation. Not only have they come out of the problems surrounding them but have also attained equality in all terms as well as civil rights (Turner-Sadler, 2009, p. 4-11). One of the most important things that played a major role in the fight against discrimination is the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This particular act served as a saving grace for the people as it prevented discrimination on grounds of race, color, national origin or religion among the people. This stand was practiced in both normal activities in the country as well as for employment purposes. Afro-Americans successfully found their way to the top in all sphere of life, be it politically, socially as well as economically. After the Second World War, the Afr ican-Americans moved to some of the commercial cities in the northern and western parts. Usually, the black population is found to be more in the Southern regions. In course of time, the people started moving to other areas where opportunities are more and were a good platform for education was found. This segregation happened in a smooth manner and was made possible by the Civil Rights Act (Wynn, 2010, 30-55). There are lots of aspects that led to the upbringing of the Afro-Americans and one of the most important of all is their political influence. They came to know the importance of attaining political status and worked towards it. In few years, there were lots of African-American leaders in US. Intensity of support is more now and US now boasts of an African-American President at its realm. The first step towards the infusion of African-Americans into the political scenario took place in a slow yet steady manner that paved way for greater stability. Colburn and Adler (2001, pp. 45-75) points out that the political influence that the African-American population gained paved way for development. Richard Hatcher, an African American became the mayor in 1967 which was the beginning of the better phase for the group. With this move, came about a sea of positive changes in the US. Thus through a strong political footage, the African-Americans gained civil rights. Followed by the political affluences came the social status and other perks associated with it. Earlier, discrimination was found in all spheres of life right from jobs, positions and education as well. One of the most dreaded forms of discrimination that is found even now in some parts of the US is that of the employment discrimination. Some sort of discrimination will lead to a lot of adverse situations in the country. If there is no proper employment opportunity for the group then there will not be any sort of developments which may keep that particular society in darkness. In due course of time, thi s may even affect the country at large. There seems to be a significant development in terms of economy as well among the black population. The African-Americans have come to realize the importance of education, political and social status. Conrad (2005, p. 341) rightly points out that there has been a great development in the economical aspect with relation to the African population in America. One of the most important aspects that led

Quality Data Collection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quality Data Collection - Essay Example Lack of proper data collection strategies results in wastage of hospital and patients resources since some results done are insignificant while others are annihilated. This paper focuses on data collection tools in emergency departments for blood culturing and the tools used in critical value reporting. The paper also elucidates on how the tools operate and compares how the tools operate. Improvement in data collection is vital for apposite analysis, diagnosis, treatment, and running of health amenities. Patience in the emergency department is often febrile and thus blood cultures are often obtained devoid of following the guidelines. However, most blood cultures ordered from the emergency departments are rarely utilized in management of the patient’s health. They thus end up being a source of unnecessary costs to the patients as well as the hospital. Another factor that declines the services of most community hospitals is excessive delays in defining and reporting of critical value results. Critical laboratory values have imperative significance on determining prompt treatment or actions that health provider ought to undertake. Most decisions and patient diagnosis depend on analysis of laboratory reports thus improvement in organization of laboratory services can improve on service provision. It is therefore vital to improve on timelines of reporting critical values (Tintinalli, et al, 2004). Blood Culture Contamination Rate in the Emergency Department Blood cultures are crucial in detecting conditions such as sepsis in the emergency departments. However, various researches show that most hospitals do not use blood culture results efficiently in clinical management of patients. The main problem in blood culturing is the inability to differentiate between contaminated cultures with true bacteraemia (Hall, & Lyman, 2006). To reduce errors and increase utilization of blood culture results, it is important to improve on tools used in monitoring performance information. It is recommendable that culture be collected only when clinically required. It is also important to use proper sampling techniques to prevent contamination. Tools used in blood culturing in the emergency department include culture bottle and needles. Enhanced collection of uncontaminated blood cultures is vital and can be done by proper disinfection of surfaces before drawing blood samples as well as using sterilized culture bottles. Use of surgical needles for blood sampling leads to contamination especially if proper sterilization is not done on the patients skin (Tintinalli, et al, 2004). Proper management of the data obtained after blood culturing is fundamental in improving the significance of the samples in management of emergencies. Another tool used to collect blood culture in the emergency department is automated blood culture technology that is capable of differentiating between positive and negative culture (Tintinalli, et al, 2004; Hall & Lyman, 2006). Crit ical Value Reporting Clinical value reporting provides mechanism for determining and reporting critical laboratory reports requiring urgent response. Critical values are determined differently by different hospitals with most choosing to use published values. Others make use of non-laboratory medical staff advice while others use inter-laboratory comparison, manufacturer proposals, or conduct internal studies to come up with their own

Enzymes Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enzymes - Lab Report Example Following addition of iodine to a solution of glucose, the only color observed was red or yellow (iodine color). Therefore, the faster the blue color is lost, the faster the enzyme amylase activity. The enzyme amylase can’t hydrolyze starch if it is inactivated, so the starch-iodine complex blue color will persist. The presence of glucose in the samples was tested using Benedict’s reagent. When blue solution of Benedict’s reagent is added to a glucose solution the color changes to green (at low concentrations of glucose) or reddish-orange (at higher concentrations of glucose). Starch can’t react with Benedict’s reagent, therefore the solution remains blue. The aim of the experiment was to look at how enzyme amylase activity is affected by pH, temperature and concentration of the enzyme. Introduction Enzymes are proteins in nature; they are catalysts for biological reactions. Like all catalysts, they speed up reactions by lowering the reactionâ€℠¢s activation energy without themselves being used up. Enzymes catalyze all biochemical reactions. They can be denatured in a variety of ways since they are proteins in nature, Therefore they work optimally under mild conditions. At body temperature and at a neutral pH, most of them have optimum activity. Enzymes also are known to be very specific; they act only on a specific substrate or one type of similar substrate molecules. This is because the enzyme active site is complementary to the polarity and shape of the substrate. Only one kind of substrate will â€Å"fit† into the active site. (Abu et al, 2005) Methods and Materials Preparation: Water baths of constant, low and high temperature were used in the experiment. A large water bath was set to 37 °C.For low temperature bath, a 250-mL beaker, was half filled with tap water, and some ice was added to the water to attain between 0 and 5 °C temperature. High temperature water bath was made by filling a 250-mL beaker to two-thirds full then heated to boil. The temperature of the bath was close to 100 °C. 1% starch solution was used for every experiment part. Iodine reagent for each experiment was also used. Commercial amylase solution, clean droppers and a white spot plate were also needed in the experiment. For starch testing, few drops of starch were transferred to one well of the spot plate. One iodine reagent drop was added. Iodine and Starch was reacted to form a deep blue-black complex. For glucose testing, 1% glucose solution of 3 ml was added in a test tube. 2 ml of Benedict’s solution was added and heated in a boiling water bath for 3-4 minutes. The reaction formed a red-orange solid. Experiment 1: Effect of Enzyme Concentration Five test tubes were labeled as 1-5. 4 ml of 1 % starch was placed in every first four test tubes. 4 ml of amylase solution was placed in the fifth tube. All of the tubes were placed in water bath (37 °C) for 5 minutes. 5 clean droppers were obtained the n labeled from 1 to 5.Separate dropper were used for each mixture to avoid contamination. Tube 1 was the control and it never had any enzyme. The tubes were momentarily removed from the water bath and quickly 3 drops of the warmed amylase solution was added to tube 2, to tube 3, 6 drops of amylase was added and in tube 4, 10 drops of amylase was added. The tubes were mixed quickly by shaking gently then later put immediately back into 37 °C water bath. The time at which the enzyme was added was

Full-time Faculty Criteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Full-time Faculty Criteria - Essay Example Professors that are charismatic are better able to connect with their students. Another important criterion that candidates must have is excellent credentials. The minimum educational attainment a college professor must have is a master’s degree, even though a doctorate degree is preferable. The reason that college professors must have a graduate degree is because these individual have to be experts in their fields in order to be able to teach young aspiring students about a subject matter. The third most important criterion that universities look for in college professor candidates is their professional experience. In order for a college professor to be able to teach students about how the knowledge obtained in a course can be applied to the real world the professor must have extensive industry experience. The experience gained in the field can help the professor formulate examples of how different concepts, ideas, and theories can be used in the workplace. A fourth factor th at is considered by universities when hiring a new college professor is the person’s research abilities. Most universities received millions of dollars in research grants that can only be obtained if they have professors on staff that can perform the required research studies.

Admission Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Admission - Article Example Within the campuses, libraries, classrooms and laboratories are equipped with facilities that fulfil state-of-the-art technology. In the final two years of their studies, students take part in a minimum of six experiences in clinical fieldwork (NSU, 2014). Through this, they are not only exposed to practical experience in building their skills, but also potential employers and the professional environment. Further, graduates have the opportunity to proceed to masters and doctoral degrees either at NSU or other institutions. A significant inspiration comes from the therapist that has been supervising my volunteer hours, who is also a graduate of NSU. Through his guidance and support throughout the volunteer hours, it is evident that NSU produces professionals who are passionate about their work. Apart from academics, NSU offers vibrant student and faculty life throughout its campuses which include cultural activities, professional and social events, fitness and wellness clubs and, mor e importantly, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletics (NSU,

Scientific Management Essay Example for Free

Scientific Management Essay Scientific management method is principle of management that applies scientific methods and principles in the management of workers and tasks. (Head, 2005) As defined by Head scientific management is the use of scientific methods among the workers to greatly increase the firm’s productivity. The scientific methods of management called for optimizing the way tasks were formed and ensured that the tasked would be performed better than how they were. It called for the training of workers so as to simplify the routine tasks and to aid in the improved production by performing their specialized sequence in motion in ones best way of doing it (Braverman, 1974) Before the introduction of the scientific management systems, all the tasks however complicated or simple were performed by some skilled craftsmen. These employees had taken a lot of time learning their jobs through apprenticeship; therefore they had to do as they saw it done by their trainers. In the process of doing the job, the craftsmen made their own decision about how their jobs were to be handled and completed. This made it to them so autonomous and therefore it was taken away by the scientific methods who simplified some jobs which made them to be done by even unskilled craftsmen (Hung, 1915). After Taylor had observed all the time wasted by the Craftsmen he observed improving the Job efficiencies. He gained the experience while working in a steel factory. While Taylor was in this steel factory he observed that most workers were producing very much below their normal production level. This he observed and researched on the reasons, which he found that; there is a common believe among workers that if they work and produce to their capacity many of them would be sent home, another reason was that in the company there was no incentive wages that would motivate the workers- the workers were being paid on an horizontal line regardless of their efforts in the production. This made workers to feel very much relaxed. (Braverman, 1974) During the research Taylor also concluded that the employees also use to convince their bosses that the pace they were moving with the job was the best pace. Another reason which also made this to happen was the fear that if the workers work at a faster pace then that would set for them the standards to be used to evaluate them- this would be a threat a looming danger to their working conditions and lastly the he observed that workers feared that management would decide to decrease their pay if the payment was done per unit of production. ( Braverman, 1994) The mother and controller of these problems was that all the workers depended on the rule of the thumb in performing their works. This he was set to change by countering soldering effect and increasing efficiency. (Dawson, 2005) To achieve this mission Taylor did a time study to determine on what grounds to apply the scientific method. During the time study he was interested in the proving of a principle which he said that even the most basic mindless task could be planned in a way that would increase productivity and that the scientific management of the task would be more appealing to the workers, that with the method alone the workers are already motivated. Head,2005) To prove these entire he carried four experiments namely, pig iron, The Science of Shoveling and brick lying experiments. These he did in the calculating efficiency when some routine works are eliminated in the process. All was a success and then developed the principles that would be used in adapting the scientific management methods. The principles to be adopted were that each company who wanted to new management method had to replace rule of thumb work method with methods based on scientific study. The institution adopting this system had to scientifically select, train and develop workers rather that passively leaving them to train themselves. That company also had to divide work nearly equally between the management and the workers and lastly the management had to corporate with workers to ensure that the scientifically select methods are being followed. (Hunges, 2004) With these principles in mind many companies adopted the scientific management and recorded improved productivity however the method was faced by some challenges as; the use of stop watches was a protested issue and led to strike in one company and it also method increased the monotony of work. (Dawson ,2005) Although the method was being protested by many workers it has been adopted by many companies today since it changed the way work was being done(dowson,2005).

My Dream Career Essay Example for Free

My Dream Career Essay When I was still young, I used to do my friends’ hair as a hobby. Most of my friends liked the hair style that I did for them. I also remember, how happy I was, each time I did the hair of my friends. However, I never thought that this hobby could possibly turn into my dream career. After I entered the junior high school, which was an all-boy school, I realized that I was left out in the cold by classmates just because I was interested in stylizing hair. I would bring lots of magazines to the school to keep up-to-date with hair styling trends. Whenever I was reading the magazine, my classmates would say, â€Å"Girlish boy, you should’ve been born as a girl. † I guess having an interest in hair style wasn’t viewed as a profession for a normal boy. In my last year of middle school, there was one unforgettable event that made it enjoyable and memorable. In Korea, on a usual school day, students are not allowed to use any gel, or spray on their hair. Therefore, every student waits for the graduation photo day because this is the day they can do their hair with hair stylish products as much as they please. As other boys did, I brought hair gel and dryer to do my hair at school. I didn’t do my hair at home in the morning because I knew the hair looks best after putting hair stylish products. After I did my hair, some of my classmates, including the classmates who had been calling me â€Å"girlish boy,† came to me, and asked me to do their hair. They said, â€Å"If we all like our hair, we won’t call you girlish boy anymore. † It was an unexpected suggestion, but I was confident that they would like my job. So, I accepted their suggestion, and tried my best to stylize their hair using gel and dryer. Fortunately, they all liked their hair, and a few weeks hence, the graduation photo also came out really good to everybody’s expectations. Since then, they became my friends, and we still keep in touch, although I’m currently living in the U. S. By the time I entered the high school, another unforgettable event happened that confirmed my plans for becoming a professional hair designer. One bright day, I and my eldest brother visited â€Å"Hair Day,† which was owned by my brother’s friend, Paul Kim, in Seoul. The name of the store was quite impressive to me due to its unique name, â€Å"Hair Day,† although a typical name like â€Å"hair salon† could have been more meaningful. Paul Kim is a very famous hair designer in Seoul, and has many Korean celebrities as his regular customers. When I visited his studio for the first time, I saw a famous Korean celebrity, Bi, who is better known as â€Å"Rain† in the U. S. As he entered the studio, I hardly recognized him because of his messy hair. However, after Paul Kim worked on his hair, he immediately transformed into a gorgeous celebrity known to everybody. The hair style that Paul Kim had done for Bi was the same style I had seen on television. Since Bi is so popular, and his hairstyle is always up-to-date, many young boys in Korea mimic his hairstyle. Moreover, all of Bi’s hair styles that were shown on Korean television were the work of Paul Kim. After Bi left, an English-Speaking customer came into the studio to get a hair cut. The customer seemed an acquaintance of Paul Kim because he was delighted to see him. When they spoke with each other, I was amazed at Paul Kim’s ability to speak English. Later, I was told by my brother that Paul Kim had studied in the U. S. , and had obtained a Business Administration degree, which is possibly one of the reasons his hair studio is doing so well. Ever since I visited Paul Kim’s hair studio, I had a strong desire to become a famous hair designer, who is not only intellectual but also has a good aesthetic sense. I decided that Paul Kim is truly a man, whom I want to emulate when I grow up. The female hair designers outnumber the male hair designers in Korea. However, most of the notable hair designers in Korea are men. I hope one day I will be one of those notable hair designers not only in Korea but also in the entire world.

Biography of Friedrich Nietzsche

Biography of Friedrich Nietzsche All the Interesting People are Missing in Heaven Biography of Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche born on October 15, 1844 in Rà ¶cken bei Là ¼tzen, Prussian Saxony he was a German philosopher most credited for his brash criticism about religion and the role in played in society and mortality. What makes Fredrick controversial by even today’s standards is so many people see him as a mad man while others see him as a mad genus however no matter what your option of him one thing can be said that he was a man always seeking the truth. Nietzsche grew up in the small town of Rà ¶cken, near Leipzig, in the Prussian province of Saxony. His name comes from King Frederick William IV of Prussia, who turned 49 on the day of Nietzsches birth. He had one brother Joseph who died in 1850 and one sister Elisabeth while he was never extremely close with either sibling growing up later in life he became closer with Elisabeth (Sherefkin, J). Carl Ludwig Frederick’s father was a pastor and died of a brain aliment early on in his child hood which I feel might have a lot to do with his ideas regarding religion. Shortly after the tragic death of both his brother and father the rest of the family moved to Germany to live with his grandmother. From the ages of 14 to 19, Nietzsche attended a first-rate boarding school, Schulpforta, located not far from Naumburg, where he prepared for university studies. The schools educational atmosphere was reflected in its long history as a former Cistercian monastery and its buildings include d a 12th century Romanesque chapel and a 13th century Gothic church (Nietzsche Nov 2007). While attending this religious affiliated boarding school he met some life long friends Paul Deussen and Caral Von Gersdorff both promenade members of the community. While at school as a teenager he was very interested in the arts and music I feel maybe while he didn’t really continue this passion in life it helped shape his views of that a lot of this are unique in there own right and should not be conformed for religion or society. After graduating from Schulpforta, Nietzsche entered the University of Bonn in 1864 as a theology and philology student, and his interests soon gravitated more exclusively towards philology a discipline which then centered upon the interpretation of classical and biblical texts. Inspired by Ritschl, and following him to the University of Leipzig in 1865 an institution located closer to Nietzsches hometown of Naumburg, Nietzsche rapidly established his own academic reputation through his published essays on Aristotle, Theognis and Simonides. In Leipzig, he developed a close friendship with Erwin Rohde (1845-1898), a fellow philology student and future philologist, with whom he would correspond extensively in later years (Sherefkin, J). The World as Will and Representation in 1818 by Schopenhauers who had some what of a pessimistic view of the current world and was an atheist at the time this book came out Nietzsche was twenty-one this formed many of his ideas. Then there was the book that argued that Kant;s ideas regarding the metaphysical world were wrong and then this got him interested in the after life. At twenty-three Nietzsche was required by the government to complete one year in the military however he did not last long due to an injury in his chest which put him on sick leave. Due in part to Ritschls support, Nietzsche received a generous offer to become professor of classical philology at the University of Basel before having completed his doctorate or certificate for teaching. After moving to Basel, Nietzsche renounced his Prussian citizenship: for the rest of his life he remained officially stateless. With the help of some esteemed colleagues in 1872, Nietzsche published his first book, The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music. However, his colleagues in the field of classical philology, including Ritschl, expressed little interest for the work. Due to his failure he became isolated among many of his counter parts however this gave Fredrick time to reflect and add to his works which in this time period created four long essays. With the publication of Human, All Too H uman in 1878 on subjects ranging from metaphysics to morality and from religion to the sexes, Nietzsches removal from the philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer became apparent. Nietzsches friendship with Deussen and Rohde began to deteriorate as well. Becoming more of a loner he went his separate way to try to find a wife, however also at this time his heath was worsening one of which might have been his infection of syphilis which he contracted when he was in the military. He became some what of gypsy publishing Daybreak (1881), The Gay Science (1882/1887), Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883-85), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), and On the Genealogy of Morals (1887). Nietzsches final active year, 1888, saw the completion of The Case of Wagner (May-August 1888), Twilight of the Idols (August-September 1888), The Antichrist (September 1888), Ecce Homo (October-November 1888) and Nietzsche Contra Wagner (December 1888). On the morning of January 3, 1889, while in Turin, Nietzsche experienced a mental breakdown which left him an unsound for the rest of his life. Upon witnessing a horse being whipped by a coachman at the Piazza Carlo Alberto although this episode with the horse could be anecdotal he threw his arms around the horses neck and collapsed in the plaza, never to return to full sanity. Spending a lot of his time in Germany effected some of his view points because at this time before all the wars and such Germany was one country who had little problems. His book, Twilight of the Idols talks about how Germany needs to stop consuming them selves with beer and start concentrating more on gaining knowledge and sophistication. He in part blames French and Britain culture for this because what they allowed Germany to become was a sea of nothingness. Also I feel he was able to see that because the German people were so unsophisticated it would lead to even more corruption in power for the church all the way up to the government. The best way to control people is arm them with as little information as possible so they have nothing to go buy. Nietzsche completed Human, All-Too-Human in 1878. Here, he often reflects upon cultural and psychological phenomena in reference to individuals organic and physiological constitutions. The idea of power infrequently appears as an explanatory principle, but Nietzsche tends at this time to invoke self-indulgent considerations of pleasure and pain in his explanations of cultural and psychological phenomena (Nietzsche Vogt press). This book comprises more a collection of debunking of unwarranted assumptions than an interpretation, though it offers some elements of Nietzsches thought in his arguments: he uses his perspectives and the idea of the will to power as descriptive devices, though the latter on his writing show this a lot better. In Daybreak: Reflections on Moral Prejudices Nietzsche de-emphasizes the role of pleasure-seeking as a motivator and accentuates the role of a feeling of power. His relativism, both moral and cultural, and his critique of Christianity also reach greater maturity (Nietzsche Cambridge). In Daybreak Nietzsche devoted a drawn out passage to his criticism of Christian biblical writings including its arbitrary interpretation of objects and images in the Old Testament as prefigureements of Christs crucifixion. In Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche identified imagination, self-assertion, danger, originality and the â€Å"creation of values† as qualities of authentic philosophers, as opposed to incidental characters who engage in dusty scholarship. Nietzsche also took aim at some of the worlds great philosophers, who grounded their outlooks wholeheartedly upon concepts such as â€Å"self-consciousness,† â€Å"free will,† and â€Å"either/or† bipolar thinking. Alternatively, Nietzsche philosophizes from the perspective of life located beyond good and evil, and challenges the entrenched moral idea that exploitation, domination, injury to the weak, destruction and appropriation are universally objectionable behaviors (Nietzsche Oxford). Above all, he believes that living things aim to discharge their strength and express their â€Å"will to power† a pouring-out of expansive energy that, quite naturally, can entail danger, pain, lies, deception and masks. As he vi ews things from the perspective of life, he further denies that there is a universal morality valid indiscriminately to all human beings, and instead assign a series of moralities in an order of rank that ascends from the plebeian to the noble’s. The word I obscures and fudges together a whole complex of commanding and obeying wills. This freedom of the will comes only from identifying this I as the source both of the commanding and the obeying (Nietzsche Jungle). The concept of free will also relies on the erroneous notions of cause and effect, which see our will as a cause. Cause and effect are a part of a larger picture of physics, according to which nature is governed by laws. Nietzsche argues that this is a democrats interpretation of nature: we could equally well see it as totally lawless, governed only by the unfettered assertion of wills. On the Genealogy of Morals first essay states within Christian morality are products of self-deception, since they were forged in the bad air of revenge, resentment, hatred, impotence, and cowardice. In this essay, as well as the next, Nietzsches controversial references to the â€Å"blond beast† in connection with master morality also appear. In the second essay, Nietzsche continues with an account of how feelings of guilt, or the â€Å"bad conscience,† arise merely as a consequence of an unhealthy Christian morality that turns an evil eye towards our natural inclinations. Nietzsche focuses upon the truth-oriented ascetic ideals that underlie and inform prevailing styles of art, religion and philosophy, and he offers a particularly sarcastic critique of the priesthood: the priests are allegedly a group of weak people who guide even weaker people as a way to experience power for themselves (Nietzsche Oxford). The third essay also contains one of Nietzsches clearest expr essions of â€Å"perspectives† the idea that there is no absolute, God watching us standpoint from which one can experiences anything that is around them. When reading his work the thing that I most found fascinating to think about was Nihilism or rather Existentialism the idea that fate is in everyone’s own hands that there is no god to control us. In The Antichrist, Curse on Christianity September 1888, Nietzsche expresses his disgust over the way noble values in Roman Society were corrupted by the rise of Christianity, and he discusses specific aspects and personages in Christian culture the Gospels, Paul, the martyrs, priests, the crusades with a view towards showing that Christianity is a religion for weak and unhealthy people, whose general historical effect has been to undermine the healthy qualities of the more noble cultures (Nietzsche Cosimo Classics ). Nietzsche has many publish and unpublished works however I feel it is the ones I have given a breife summery about are the ones that really affect social theory. While most of his critisum regarding power is towards christianity and god it is easy to take his consepts and apply them to many other aspetcts of society. For instances his idea behind that controling people by revenge and punishment is a abuse of power is much like modern American soceity and how the government is able to use there adjenda to control the media. There revenge is on thoes who are trying to counter act what there trying to make American Citzens belive such as the war on terror and then they use punishment by pupposly with holding vital information to the public, which really does affect dessitions down the line and while this might not seem like sever punishment it still is enough to keep people in line. This abuse of power is what neitzsche saw in religon the pope was able to tell the weak and the sick to b ehave a certain way not to fight the in justices there facing in their lives because all wll be fixed when they get to the kingdom of heaven. He speaks out strongly against the morality of the herd that encourages a dull mediocrity in all. He finds such a mediocrity in modern scholarship, which is overly concerned with digging up dry, dull facts. Nietzsches ideal philosopher creates meaning and values, and does not simply deal with empty facts. Nietzsche asserts that there is an order of rank according to which the spiritual strength of all people can be measured. Because of this difference between people, it would be absurd to apply one moral code to all people. This is true because you don’t see many people in todays world trying to find something new to shead light on most people only get to learn about the same dull matters everyday to keep them focused on stuff that should really no matter like fastion and movie stars. All of this mind numing stuff is almost like an alter reality that the american people galdy bye into. This then leads to scholars not aiming to high when it comes to philsophical ideas this may because they them selves have been so brain washed by he mundane life they interact with everyday or prehapps the most radical and note worthy theories are the ones being kept out of mainstream society in order to keep the â€Å"nothingness† alive. To prove that inequality and raceisum exist on every level he uses women and of course from one nationality to the next there are biased options and this is how he begins his work on anti semitisum. While his intentions may not have been ill mannered some of his consepts were taken on by Hitler along with Neitzsche idea that he was better then god could be or any human making him supior to everyone which is exactly what Hitler belived to. I think that for him to belive that the consept of god and religon had to much power doest make it any better if the power is in his hands. Through most of his life he was not one looked at has a leader or ever given the chance to have more power then he could handle therefor no one could really say what he would do with that power. However we can look through history and see what happens when one belives their suprior to people and espically specfic groups and no one better exeplafies this better then Hitler. Another critcisum I have of his work would be that while he forcuoses on courrption and power from a view point about god and christinaity I feel he doest anlyze from the prospective of soceity and the governement. As well as other religons he acts as if it is only one particular religon that is courrpt and even by todays standards this is far from true its amost like you can look at human nature and see that the powerful will always be there to control the weak by any means nessary. What distinguishes Nietzsche from other nineteenth-century critics of religion, morality and nineteenth-century life is that he does not search for a more effective moral life; he attempts to save life from morality itself. He argues that nineteenth-century culture experiences life as a form of nihilism because it has invented a series of moral concepts such as truth, selflessness and equality that have been raised above life in order to regulate and judge life. Nietzsches philosophy insists that we ask questions what does it mean to think? Or what is the value of life? It is his willingness to ask these imperative questions that have made him so controversial yet so genus. So even today in modern American culture he is consistently being debated slowly changing the view points of many all over the world. Work Cited Existential Primer: Introduction. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://www.tameri.com/csw/exist/exist.html. Flynn, T. (2006). Existentialism: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. Friedrich Nietzsche. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/nietzsch.htm. Nietzsche, F. (2003). Beyond Good and Evil (Penguin Classics). London: Penguin Classics. Nietzsche, F. (1997). Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy). New York: Cambridge University Press. Nietzsche, F. (2007). Human All-Too-Human A Book For Free Spirits. New York : Vogt Press. Nietzsche, F. (1998). On the Genealogy of Morals: A Polemic. By way of clarification and supplement to my last book Beyond Good and Evil (Oxford Worlds Classics). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. Nietzsche, F. (2005). The Anti-Christ. knoxville: Cosimo Classics. Nietzsche, F. (1968). The Will to Power. New York: Vintage. Nietzsche, F. (2007). Thus Spake Zarathustra (A BOOK FOR ALL AND NONE). Little Books Of Wisdom: Book Jungle. Sherefkin, J. (n.d.). NYPL, Nietzsche Research Guide. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://nypl.org/research/chss/grd/resguides/nietzsche/.

Foreshadowing in Kate Chopins The Storm Essay -- Chopin Storm Essays

Foreshadowing in The Storm Effectively using foreshadowing in a piece of literature enhances the reader's curiosity. One clear example of such usage is seen in Kate Chopin's writing. Her use of foreshadowing in the short story "The Storm" adds an element of intrigue, holding the reader's interest throughout. In this story a father and son, Bobinôt and Bibi, are forced to remain in the store where they were shopping, waiting for an approaching storm to pass. Meanwhile, the wife and mother, Calixta, remaining at home, receives an unexpected visit from a former lover of hers, Alcée. The two lovers ultimately consummate their relationship. Alcée then departs once the storm subsides, at which time the father and son return home. No repercussions of the extramarital affair take place within the story. Perhaps the clearest examples of foreshadowing in "The Storm" are the made when Chopin introduces the storm, writes that Calixta and Alcée had never been alone together since her marriage, calls attention to Calixta unbuttoning her garment because of the heat, mentions the distance separating Calixta from her husband and son and describes Calixta's physical appearance. These areas of foreshadowing maintain the reader's interest in the story and prepare the readers for the turn of events. The first such signal given to the reader is found in the opening paragraph of the story. The atmosphere and the approaching storm are described and contrasted. The opening atmosphere's tranquility is apparent because "[t]he leaves were so still that even Bibi thought it was going to rain" (665). This stillness prior to the storm ... ...anate seed. Her white neck and a glimpse of her full, firm bosom disturbed him powerfully" (667). This passion leads to physical touching, congering up past passionate feelings towards one another, ultimately leading to their intercourse. As seen in "The Storm," Chopin makes good use of foreshadowing throughout the short story. Had Chopin omitted her foreshadowing, the story would have lost much of its believability. It also would create an irrational storyline in which the extramarital affair occurs without any explanation or rationale. This would more than likely cause the reader to discount the story as unrealistic. Therefore, it is crucial that one notices the vital role foreshadowing plays in literature. Chopin did an excellent job in convincingly describing the turn of events in "The Storm" by using foreshadowing to do so.

Comparison of Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth and London by Wi

Comparison of Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth and London by William Blake Throughout the coursework I will refer to William Wordsworth as Wordsworth and William Blake as Blake. The poems of Wordsworth and Blake are both about London however, Wordsworth’s poem was written when he came to visit London whereas Blake lived in London. Wordsworth’s poem is about the finery of London one can see this as he writes in line 1; â€Å"Earth has not anything to show more fair:† Whereas in Blake’s poem he does not write about the praise of London although he loved London we are told he sees that London has its bad points. In Wordsworth’s poems there is an absence of people whereas in Blake’s poem it talks about people a lot of the time. In Wordsworth’s poem he refers to London as a person this is a personification. We see him referring to London as a person when he says at the end of the poem although there are other references to this; â€Å"And all that mighty heart is lying still!† In Wordsworth’s poem he is not saying that London is more beautiful then other cities he says that it is as nice as other cities. When Wordsworth says; â€Å"Dull would he be of soul,† This shows that he thinks some people are insensitive. As well when Wordsworth says; â€Å"This City now doth, like a garment, wear,† This is a simile he talks about London as if it is a person. When Blake’s writes his poem he sheds light on the problems of London although he is a major fan of London. Most of the people at this time could not read and so Blake thought that if he wrote a poem people who could read wo... ...horical the soilders are standing by the palace and sighing thinking about th rich people who don’t suffer in war hence the words â€Å"Runs in the blood†. In line 15 the word; â€Å"†¦Harlot†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is showing that it is pitiful. The harlot is cursing because if she becomes pregnant it is like a millstone around her neck. In line 17 the word â€Å"hearse† is used as a car to take the bride to the wedding hall here it would be sad because the harlot would only be getting married because she became pregnant it was not a wanted child. Nowadays we use a hearse a car to carry a coffin, now to hear the word hearse is sad whereas then it was a happy thought. Perhaps when it says in line 16; â€Å"†¦Infants tear,† It is saying that the cry is because maybe the father is already married.

Graduation Speech: We are Prepared for the Challenges that Await Us :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Today completes the chapter of our lives that we have been comfortable with for the past 13 years. High school may be over, but we still have a long exciting way to go in life. From our four-year experience we will take with us the memories, good and bad, and relationships we have made with each other and the County High School staff. From these experiences we have learned and grown and will continue to do so. Growing up and moving on will be a huge part of our lives in the next few months. The decisions we will make come in-part from the choices we have already made. The past four years have been fun and easy for some and a struggle for others. When I reflect on my high school experience, I think of watching football games, playing softball, homecoming weeks, school trips, parties and time with my friends. Others have spent their time in drama, band, community service, part-time jobs and all sorts of other activities. We have all watched Mr. LHS grow along with us until it became a big part of the high school year. I enjoyed laughing with and at the guys as they showed off their talents. This year’s homecoming football game was one of the most exciting ones we have had, with four quarters and three overtimes when we beat Jackson 48 to 42 for a homecoming victory. No matter what types of experiences we have had, I think they are important to remember and grow from. Through these fun and challenging times each one of us has built strong relationships. Whether it was with friends or a teacher, we have developed connections and memories that will be with us forever, even if we lose contact with those individuals. Some students have discovered they have a passion for writing through a creative writing class or want to have a career in business from taking Mr. Ide’s inspirational marketing classes. Others have participated in CLIP or summer school to catch up and make it possible for them to be here today. I went to Heights Elementary and have spent the last 12 years with the same group of people. Attending school with the people I’ve known since elementary and middle school, and making homecoming posters with them for four years in a row, has given me a chance to get to know the people around me better than I ever thought I would.

The Odyssey and Propaganda

â€Å"Homer’s The Odyssey and Virgil’s Aeneid as Propagandistic Literature† Propaganda is a powerful social tool that influences audiences through manipulation and selective viewpoints and has been witnessed in history as far back as written records exist. It has been used to sanction the rise of new leaders, herald a society and its dominance, and push ideological agendas to audiences of all backgrounds throughout civilizations. The methods that propaganda has been used are numerous and include both written and spoken forms of communication to reach the audience.Literature is not exempt from the use of propaganda and Homer’s The Odyssey and Virgil’s The Aeneid are two historical sources where it can be found. The propaganda seen in these texts share similarities and differences which can be compared and contrasted and include the values of the societies they represent, the destinies of the heroes and what each represents to the society, and how the backgrounds of the creators influence what occurs in the story with emphasis on politics and traditions.The Odyssey shares similar propaganda to The Aeneid, although it is not as immediately apparent given the historical backgrounds that led to the creation of each, in regards to the political and social changes being experienced around the time The Aeneid was written. The type of propaganda that is emphasized in The Odyssey is based around the dominance and traditions of Ancient Greek society and culture, the necessity of honoring the gods and goddesses, and maintaining virtues that are universal throughout society while emphasizing the importance of the individual.It is demonstrated through the journey of Odysseus, which begins with the Trojan War and follows with each adventure that he experiences on his return to Ithaca, ending on a message of the importance of homecoming when he reaches the shores of his island. The dominance of Ancient Greek society is displayed immediately i n the backstory of how the Achaeans overcame the city of Troy and won the Trojan War. It emphasizes the intelligence and cunning of the Achaeans through the example of the Trojan Horse which Odysseus thought of that was used to infiltrate the city. That the Greeks would emerge victorious at the end of a en-year siege over a powerful foe demonstrates the strength of the society militarily. Cultural influences that are affected by propaganda in The Odyssey demonstrate the achievements, values, and traditions of Ancient Greece through references to the ideal individual, proper hospitality, and the honoring of the gods and goddesses. The individual in Ancient Greek society was valued as a strong mental and physical person, who displayed cunning and strength, had a silver tongue and demonstrated articulate thoughts through powerful rhetoric, that could handle any challenge while creating an eternal legacy.The ideal individual was also loyal to his family and society, and was dedicated to the values and traditions instilled in them from birth. This is all demonstrated through Odysseus and his actions, from creating the idea of the Trojan Horse and displaying leadership in battle, to outsmarting the cyclops Polyphemus, to having an unfaltering love for his wife Penelope. Proper hospitality is explained through the suitors that have overrun Odysseus’s home, who slaughter his animals, drink his wine, and made themselves unwelcome guests. Homer is able to provide an example of how not to act when a person is a guest in another’s home.Conversely, he demonstrates proper hospitality by using the goatherd as an example when he takes a disguised beggar that is Odysseus into his home. The honoring of the gods and goddesses that were above all mortal men and women was important in the culture of Greek society, and this is demonstrated through the events of The Odyssey, whether it is praying to a god for safety and wellbeing, acting in a way so as not to anger a g od such as Poseidon, offering sacrifice to honor the legacy of a god or drinking to the honor of a god to gain their support.Homecoming is the destiny that is attributed to the story of Odysseus and his fate of returning to Ithaca emphasizes the importance of never leaving the place you were born or the ones you love, a value that was important to Ancient Greek society. These are all examples of propaganda that was used in The Odyssey, which was shared through a rich oral tradition that helped instill these ideals and virtues into the core of Ancient Greek society. Unlike The Odyssey, which began as an oral story and then written at a later date, The Aeneid was written from the point of its creation.It originated at a time of political and social change in Roman society, which influenced not only its creation but the characters and story in it. According to the â€Å"Vita Servii [which] states that the writing of the Aeneid had been undertaken at the express proposal of the emperor † (Avery 225). As it was commissioned by Augustus Caesar, this meant that it was rife with propaganda that emphasized the dominance of Roman society, its importance, and its values such as duty and honor.Caesar sought to restore tradition to Rome and remind its citizens of its history at a time when this was important to the continued prosperity of Rome under new rule. Aeneas was used a vessel for examining these functions of propaganda and his journey reinforced these virtues. In effect, Virgil â€Å"draws certain parallels to achieve one of his many political aims-constructing a national identity for Rome as glorious and ancient as that of Greece† (Bell 228). Virgil offered a new perspective on the Trojan War, immediately dispelling the Achaeans as scum for their trickery, which reinforced the dominance of the Trojans.He allowed Aeneas to survive the Trojan War, and used the gods and goddesses that were integral to Roman religion to create a destiny where it was his d uty to found Rome and bring about its prominence, despite not being entirely aware that this was his fate. Due to this, Aeneas embodies the ideal Roman citizen, much as Odysseus embodied the ideal Greek individual. He is filled with duty and honor and not giving up in a time of strife, as when he loses his home of Troy.This is compared to the society of Rome at the time of writing, which was under new leadership and government, and emphasized the importance of society remaining strong and prosperous. Duty to the gods was emphasized through Aeneas and his support from Juno, who reminded him that he has to continue on despite finding love in Dido. The importance of Roman society is examined when despite being injured in combat, Aeneas is able to recover due to the interference of Venus, and was gifted a shield that depicted the future of Rome.In the scenes on the shield, Julius Caesar can be seen, as well as the Battle of Actium, and several other key events known at the time of writi ng to be integral to the history of Rome and all of which would be a direct result of the duty that Aeneas was to serve through his piety. Virgil was effectively able to create a politically driven and supported example of propaganda through his writing of The Aeneid, and the significance of its creation led to a more unified Rome which benefited Augustus Caesar in his rule and cemented Virgil is the annals of history as a great epic poet.Propaganda was a useful tool for both Homer and Virgil, and both men were able to use it in effect to instill and remind the audiences of The Odyssey and The Aeneid of the dominance of the Ancient Greek and Roman societies as well as their values and traditions that remained deeply rooted in each society until the downfall of the respective civilization. Works Cited Avery, William T. â€Å"Augustus and the Aeneid. † The Classical Journal 52. 5 (1957): 225-29. Print. Bell, Kimberly K. â€Å"†Translatio† and the Constructs of a Ro man Nation in Virgil's â€Å"Aeneid†Ã¢â‚¬  Rocky Mountain Review 62. 1 (2008): 11-24. Print.

Economic value Essay

There are two economic concepts integrated in the industry of ecotourism: economic impact and economic value (Lindberg, Kreg, 1996). Economic impact, according to Lindberg, refers to the changes in the figures of sales, income and jobs that are generated or directly derived from the practice of ecotourism. Economic value on the other hand refers to the general effect of ecotourism in the economy of the area as a whole. Lindberg also explained that the impact of ecotourism is more evident and more positive in remote regions where more jobs and income are enjoyed by residents especially in areas where there is limited access to lesser alternatives for income generation. The industry of ecotourism has accumulated millions of dollars for different local governments and as such has been one of the healthiest industries worldwide. In fact the International Ecotourism Society reported that that it has been growing at a 300 percent rate compared to the whole industry of tourism (Mellgren, Doug 2007). Like any other industry, ecotourism entails costs and benefits that practitioners have to carefully weigh. What is distinct with this industry is that its costs heavily depend on natural resources and the management of them. With such feature, the resources of the industry are very limited and is hardly impossible if not completely impossible to manually or even with technology to proliferate. For example, we cannot make another forest once a forest area has already been damaged. We cannot dig another beach or ocean once the other has already been severely exploited. The industry therefore requires extra careful management. â€Å"Ecotourism is an enlightening nature travel experience that contributes to conservation of the ecosystem, while respecting the integrity of host communities† (Canadian Environmental Advisory Council 1992). This definition of ecotourism suggests several principles that should be involved in the industry (Wight, Pamela 1993): 1. There should be environmentally sound development which requires that there be no degradation of the natural resources by all means; 2. There should be proper education availed by the participants in the industry which include the government, the NGOs, the tourists and the community; 3. There should be a respect of the environment and its intrinsic value which extends to the recognition of its limits; 4. The industry should encourage the partnership of all the players; 5. The partnership of the players should promote ethical, cultural and social responsibilities of each; 6. There should be a serious consideration of the long-term benefits and impacts, both economic and non-economic, in the industry and the community and; 7. There must be a responsible conservation practices to the internal and external operations of the industry. The industry of ecotourism can be the operation of nature sports like skiing, surfing, and recreational boating. It may also involve the exploration of the highlands like hiking and trekking. The industry may also involve the operation of maintaining or developing ecoparks in the forests, in the ocean and the highlands. In any of these, the industry involves a great deal of economic, environmental, cultural and social responsibilities. ECOTOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY The general issue that is faced by the industry of ecotourism is sustainability. Because a great deal of natural resources is directly involved in the operation, experts in the industry, operators and practitioners are being challenged to weigh the cost and benefits of getting into the business of sports and recreation involving nature. Sustainability dictates that the benefits should outweigh the cost of using natural resources. Sustainability therefore entails the consideration of the short-term and long-term effects of exploring the environment. In the industry of ecotourism, the alteration or use and even the disturbance of the ecosystem and biodiversity are a necessity. Any slight or serious effect of any of these means a sacrifice on the part of the living organisms in a certain ecosystem. Sustainability requires the industry professionals to carefully calculate and if possible to have an assurance that the costs of sacrificing the natural resources will be exceeded by the benefits that can be derived from it. It is to be stressed that the calculation should include the long-term effects of doing the business. Therefore profitability does not ensure sustainability nor does economic development entail sustainable development. ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH ECOTOURISM A. The business of Ecotourism has placed profit motivation of higher importance than environmental conservation We cannot deny the fact that the promotion and development of ecotourism have been products of profit motivation for Ecopark developers and investors. The business of establishing and maintaining tourist spots require a considerable sum of money, knowledge and skills and therefore it is but fair for investors to claim the economic benefits of such investment. The market of ecotourism has been undoubtedly growing and gaining popularity like the United State, Australia and Thailand. In fact the World Tourism Organization estimates that there have been 500 million annual tourist trips conducted worldwide (World Tourism Organization, 1994). In the United States, the industry of ecotourism is dominated by private owners although are also government owned and managed tourist spots (U. S. Department of State, 2003). The economic benefits of the healthy market of ecotourism is overwhelming that tourism and recreation have actually contributed to 3. 3% to 4. 1% of the United States Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1997 according to the US Department of State report. The leisure of nature traveling since 195 was reported to have been growing at an annual rate of 15% to 30% according to World Resources Institute. The attractive economic benefits of ecotourism industry can plainly explain the sudden proliferation of such privately owned parks and recreation centers. What is however alarming is the fact that there seem to have been outweigh of economic benefits over the cost of environmental degradation not to mention the negative cultural impacts. In Thailand for example, the government has been blinded by the 53 million baht yield of the trekking in Northern Thailand from about 100 thousand trekkers per year. The over-visitation and commercialization of the hill tribe villages have considerably damaged nature through the construction of permanent huts to accommodate trekkers and littering due to the availability of foodstuffs. The worse scenario is the transfer of such businesses to other mountain areas thereby destroying more of the natural habitat in the mountains of Thailand (Tourism Authority of Thailand 1996). In response to this issue, the government and non-government bodies have been organized to serve as guardians and monitoring eyes of the environment while maintaining the business of ecotourism. It is held important for recreation professionals, especially those engaged in ecotourism to coordinate or work in partnership with these environmental groups and authorities. In Thailand for example, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has regulated the tourism visits in the area for study, to enjoy the scenery and for cultural studies. In California, the local government assigned the California Trade and Commerce Agency’s Division of Tourism in the responsibility of taking over the business of looking into the sustainability of ecotourism in the area. Partnership with these agencies, especially when professionals are into private business, will help in the drafting of programs for business development. For example, if recreation professionals are well informed with the affairs and regulations of the local government agencies, future or possible conflict of interest will be avoided. Even if professionals are faced with the impression that they are reaping the economic benefits of ecotourism, partnership with the local environmental agencies will help ease the issue. This of course entails that professionals has to really account and seriously consider the environmental impacts of every activity in order for the business to last long rather than exploring another area when the former has already been damaged. Primarily, environmental and social responsibilities are major considerations in the practice of any profession. B. There has been observations that larger companies tend to be environmentally conscious than smaller counterparts. Watercraft, recreational boating, shark chumming, wind and water surfing are the sports and recreational activities that are active in California. Whether these activities are engaged for fun or for serious water sports, the facilities involved in the said activities necessitates considerable amount of dollars. It is therefore but logical that those who can afford to spend much for the proper maintenance of their own facilities are bigger companies. However, this is not the case in Malaysia as golf course development has been one of the major environmental issues faced by the concerned professionals. Golf course development or golf course tourism, being a sport enjoyed by the wealthy people is a multi-billion dollar industry. Forest degradation, water and land pollution issues are embraced by the tourism industry. An analysis made by an economist revealed that an 18-hole golf course consumes 5,000 cubic meters of water everyday costing Malaysian government $7. 5 million for the pipelines that feed water to the golf course resort in Redand Island (Chatterjee, Pratap 1993). Agrochemicals averaging to 1,500 every year are being used annually in such gold courses, 90 percent of which contribute to air pollution. Pesticides and fertilizers account for the massive destruction of marine life aside from the deforestation and soil erosion caused by the establishment of such recreational and tourism sites. The challenge therefore is not the accumulation of much economic resources in order to support proper maintenance of their facilities but the challenge of taking social and environmental responsibility. The burden of immediate action against these environmental problems is placed primarily in the hands of the government who has always the supreme power to draft and pass laws that will regulate such activities. The involvement of the government in ecotourism will ensure that everything and everybody will work together for a well balanced ecosystem. This writer believes that banning environmental recreation and tourism will help solve the existing environmental degradation. Ecotourism, whether owned and managed by the government, small and large companies, professionals are faced with the challenge of ensuring that every business endeavor is environment friendly regardless of the economic benefits it contributes to the locality. Rules and regulations must be implemented and everyone is compelled to obey.

Appendix A †Questionnaire Essay

Conclusion (300) The current study found that there are significant differences in terms of both nutrition knowledge and health behaviours between normal weight and obese individuals. In particular, they drink more glasses of water and engage more frequently in exercise sessions. It has also noted that the obese group also has more frequent intake of meals; crisps; sweets, chocolate or desert; sweetie beverages; low calorie drinks; instant noodles; and deep fried food. They also read labels more frequently and are aware of the recommended intake for various sources. While not all factors have yielded significant differences, the fact that there are differences in some of the factors compared suggest that being aware of proper nutrition and the risks of obesity may be beneficial for Hong Kong residents so that they make take the apt means for preventing these risks. *Please underline your answer where appropriate 1. Please specify your height, weight and gender Height: (m) Weight: (kg) Gender: 2. What is your age group? ? 18 to 23 ? 30 to 35 ? 24 to 29 ? 36 to 40 3. What is your occupation? ? Student ? Housewife/husband? Clerk or officer ? Technical worker ? Other please specify 4. What is your education level? ? Up to primary school ? Up to F. 3 (secondary) ? Up to A-level ? University or above ————————————————————————————————————– 5. Do you know what is BMI stand for? ? Yes, please state it: ? No 6. What kinds of food are rich in fibre? ? Vegetables ? Meat ? Fish ? No idea 7. What is the recommended daily intake for fruits and vegetables? ? 3 portion a day ? 7 a day ? 5 portion a day ? No idea 8. Do you know the recommended daily intake for the food group of â€Å"bread, cereal, rice & noodles†? e. g. 1 to 2 servings per day ? Yes ? No If yes, please state it: 9. Carbohydrates, protein and fats are the main sources of energy from the diet. Do you know the recommended daily % for each source? e. g. 30% carbohydrates, 40% protein, and 30% fat ? Yes ? No If yes, please state it: 10. How many glass of water do you drink everyday? ? Less than 2 or 2 ? 3-4 ? 5-6 ? 7 or above 11. Do you read the nutritional labeling of food that you take daily? ? Yes ? No If yes, do you read all of the food that you eat or only read for a certain food items? ? All ? Read some only 12. Do you consider your health before choosing what to eat? ? Always ? Sometimes ? Never 13. What time do you usually have your supper? ? 6 to 7 pm ? 7 to 8 pm ? 8 to 9 pm 14. What time do you normally go to sleep? ? Before 10 pm ? 10- 11 pm ? 11- 12 pm ? After 12 pm For how long? 15. How often do you do exercise? ? Rarely/ Never ? 1 to 2 times a week ? 3 to 4 times a week ? More than 5 times a week If yes, for how long each time? ? 4 times a day 3 to 4 times a day 2 to 3 times a day 3 -4 times a week 1 -2 times a week Rarely/ never E. g. Crisps x Sweets, chocolate or Dessert Sweetie Beverages Low calorie drinks (e. g. diet coke) Instant noodles/ cup noodles Any deep fried food (fried meatball, fried tofu etc) 19. How often did you eat out or order a takeaway/delivery last week? Please cross(x) 1 option below ? 3 times a day ? 2 times a day ? 1 times a day ? More than 5 times a week ? 2 to 5 times a week ? Rarely /Never Is it almost the same every week or just happened in last week? 20. Do you usually eat more food in the restaurant than at home? ? Yes ? No 21. Do you think food given in restaurants in less healthy than home- made food? ? Yes ? No Why? 22. What kind of restaurant/ cafe do you visit the most? Please list 3 of them. Starting from the 1st most, 2 and 3. For example: 1st: McDonalds 2nd Japanese restaurant 3rd Hot pot restaurant 1. 2. 3. 23. How often did you visit the following food service last month? Please cross(x) your option. Everyday Most days 2 to 3 time a week Once a week Rarely/ never e. g. Local cuisine x Local cuisine(e. g. Dim sum) Japanese food Fast food (KFC, McDonalds) Dessert shop Other Please specify _________________. 24. Are you happy with your weight? ? I am happy with my weight. ? I would like to lose weight ? I would like to put on weight. References Karelis, A. D. , St-Pierre, D. H. , Conus, F, Rabasa-Lhoret, R. , & Poehlman, E. T. , (2004). metabolic and body composition factors in subgroups of obesity: what do we know? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(6), 2569–2575. Lau, D. (2006). A pilot study on the attitudes and practice relating to the management of overweight and obese patients among primary health care professionals in four primary care clinics in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Practitioner, 28. Lin, B. H. , Guthrie, J. & Frazao, E. (1999). Nutrient contribution of food away from home. Frazao, E. (eds). America’s eating habits: Changes and consequences, 213-242 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service Washington, D. C. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 750. Obesity and overweight. Retrieved on September 30, 2006 from http://www. who. int/dietphysicalactivity/media/en/gsfs_obesity. pdf Obesity Research. (undated). Retrieved on September 20, 2006 from http://www. obesityresearch. org/cgi/reprint/12/6/889. pdf Popkin B. N. , Lu B.    International Journal Obesity Related Metabolic Disorder, 28, 282 –289. Woo, J, Leung, S. S. F. , Ho, S. C, Lam, T. H, Janus, E. D (1998). Dietary Intake and Practices in Hong Kong Chinese Population† J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 52, 631-637. Woo, J. (2000). Diet, nutrition, and health in older China adults. Retrieved on September 30, 2006 from http://www. unsystem. org/SCN/archives/scnnews19/ch17. htm Woo, J. (2000). Nutrition and health issues in the general Hong Kong population. Retrieved on September 20, 2006 from http://www. hkmj. org. hk/hkmj/abstracts/v4n4/383. htm.

Decision Making Essay

Decision making can be define as the cognitive process â€Å" resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of a action among several alternative possibillities. Every Decision Making process produces a final choice [James Reason (1990)] that may or may not promp action. Effective Decision Making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker. Decision – making, is one of the central activities of management and is a huge part of any implemantation. For effective decision making, a person must be able to forecast the outcome of each option as well, and based on all these items, determine which option is the best for that particular situation.Human performance in decision making terms has been the subject of active reserach from several perspectives. Form a psychological perspective, it is necessary to examine individual decision in the context of a set of needs, preferences an individual has and values they seek. Form cognitive perspective, the decision making process must be regarded as a continous process integrated in the interaction with the environment. From a normative perspective, the analysis of individual decisions is concerned with logic of decision making and rationality and the invariant chioce it leads to.[Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky 2000] The ability to make wise, educated decisions is essential to living a succesful and fulfilled life. Individuals, groups or teams make decisions every day. Some decisions are very important and affect lot of people whereas other decisions are small and affect only one or two people. A decision-making process based on data leads to good decisions. A major concern in management has been to understand and improve decision making. [Isabel Briggs Myers|Myers, I.1962]. There have been two approaches to management decision making [Huber, 1980]. The first is concerned with development and application of normative decision rules based on formal logic d erived from economics or ststistics. The second involves descriptive accounts of how people actually go about making judgements, decisions and choices. [Isable B. Myers|Myers,I. (1962)].  Decision making can usually be improved by breaking a problem into parts, working on the parts separately, and then combining themm to make final decision. It has been shown in a variety of works that business decision making environment is a unity of decision makers experience, belief and perceptions on one side, and decision support tools and techniques – on the other side. In making important decisions, any info rmation sources that contain relevant important are going to be accessed and used. In this presentation we are going to show decision making process, models, and types. And explain how we can make strategic decisions in different situations. In fact in making decision in management has a significant role as Peter Drucker says 90 percent of activities in management is decision making, so we are going to discuss this important subject to show different aspect of it and find new ideas in this area research. 2.0 Decision Making Process and Steps; Decision making can be categorised as a process evaluating a problem to find solution. It is always best to strive for the best decisions? There may not be the Probably not shooting for perfect solutions cann freeze decision makers into inaction. They also might be fear of making wrong decision.When gathering data and information becomes more important than making decisions and taking action sometimes, it’s better to make decisions, risk mistakes and then learn from the mikstakes when you make them. After all, then saying isn’t â€Å"decision make perfect†, it’s â€Å"practice makes perfect†. [S. Herper (2000)] As said coca cola decision which has resluted to story suggests the extensive need for decision making in business. A management decision typically typically affects a great number of people-customer, stockholders, employers and the general public. Coca cola is accountable to more than 100000 shareholders and of extensive number of employee. Professional undertake to see the managers decision which reflected its positive returns in their revenue report.It has emphasise on the welfare of the employees and the economis health of the community in large and take into  consideration the effect to the country as whole. To strive and prosper, proffessional managers should be able to withstand the pressure and make sound decision. Companies do not want dynamics failures; they require individuals wha are properly equipped to make decisions. It doesn’t mean that the decision makers (managers) is 100 percent is accurate most of the time. They also tends to make wrong decisions most of the time at the expense of the shareholders.It does suggest that succesful managers have a higher batting average than les succesful managers. [R. Wayne Mondy (1993)] The process of decision making does not occur in tandem. The organization external environment influence the decision making process and the internal environment assist what and how the decision making should take place. For example the success of Pepsi-Cola in gaining market share while Coca Cola lost it and help to convince Goizueta that was needed. Whether a decision is programmed or none programmed and regardless of managers choice of the classical, administrative, or political model of decision making, a decision making process typically hasfive steps: 1) Idenitify the problem or opportunity 2) Develop alternative 3) Evaluate alternative 4) Choose and implement the best alternative 5) Evaluate the decision 2.1. Identify the problem or opportunity: according to Harold Leavitt, â€Å"a business leader must have thre major talents: problem solving and subsequent decision making, implementing and visionary and entreprenuel talents†. Some people view decisions making only as problem solving, however problems are best treated as opportunities. The first in the decision making process should be to look for alternatives before a decision is made. As known there is no one best decision method is exist. All problem should be treated as opportunities. Eventually, problems will make themselves  evident. All problem can be converted to opportunity. All existing problem can be corrected if managers face the problem as opportunity to progress. Managers confront a decision requirement in the form of either a problem or an opportunity. A problem occurs when organizational achievement notaccomplishment is less than establishment goals. An opportunity exists when m met as ecpectaion of an organization and exceed specified targets of an organizations. Identifying of a problem or opportunity is the first step in the decision sequence and requires survillance of the internal and external environment for issues that merit executive attention. [Richard L. Daft (2005)] Managers often search and evaluate the world around them to determine the progres of the organization .Some information comes from periodic financial reports, performance reports, and other sources that designed to discover problems before they become too serious. Managers also take advantage of informal sources. They talk to other managers, gather opinions on how things are going, and seek advice which problems should be talked. 2.2 Develop alternatives: A typical problem can be solved in various ways and method. Several alternatives is available before a decison is made. The choices that the decision maker has to decide are alternatives. A decision making process is utmost important and a feasible way to solve the a probleeThe only alternatives that really counts is the one judged best among those considered. At this point in the decision making process, however, it is important to consider all feasible ways by which the problem can be solved. Once the problem or opportunity has been recognised and analyzed, decision makers begin to consider m (opportunity). The next stage is to generate possible alternative solutions that will respond to the need of the situation and correct the underlying causes. One study found that limiting the search for alternatives is a primary csuse of decision failure in organizations. [Paul C. Nutt (1999)]. Decision alternatives can be though of as the tools for reducing the difference between the organizations current and  desired performance. Once a problem or opportunity has come to managers attention, the understanding of the situation should be refined. Diagnoses is the step in the decision making process in which managers analyzes underlying casual factors associated with the decision situation. Managers make a mistake here if they jump right into generating alternatives without first exploring the causes of the problem more deeply. [C. Kepner and B. Tregoe (1965)]. 2.3 Evaluate Alternatives: Almost all possible solutions there are advantages and disadvantages. But there maybe be only one solution for any existings problem (opportunity). It may also might not be the only best solutions for the problem (opportumity). Coca cola alienate to replace the old coke is part of an alternative decision. It is essential that managers realistically appraise arguments for or against a particular alternative. Sometimes an idea might sounds good initially, but taking time to weigh the pros and cons of alternatives usually pays off. There are number of ways evaluating alternatives. One way is to list yhe strength and weakness of the problem (opportunity). Total consideration should be given and to avoid on the strength and weakness and overall importance should be given to conclude the alternative. 2.4 Choose and implement the best alternative: an alternatives implentation is chosen once the decision of choice is established. The decision of choice is the selection of the most promising of several alternative course of action. In order to choose best alternative one has to achive the desired results using the resources.In order to make choices on managers personality factors and willlingness to accept risk and uncertainty. At this stage the use of managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to ensure that the chosen alternative is carried out. It also has a similirarity to the idea of strategic implementation. The ultimate success of the chosen alternative depends on the whether it can be translated into action. In the evaluation stage of the decision  process, decision makers gather information that tells them how well the decision was implemented and whether it was effective in achieving its goals. Feed back pertinent because decision making is a continous, never ending process. When an executive or board of directors votes yes or no then the decision making is not completed.The feed back provides decision makers with information that can assist to new decision cycle. What separate the succesful managers and less succesful ones is the ability to select the best course of action from several possible alternatives. The alternative offering the highest promise of attaining the objective, taking into consideration the ovearall situation, should be selected. It is an easy task but fear to make a wrong decision will make the managers to avoid making decision at all. In most organization the onus is on the managers to make decision as they are high salaried and they carry the task to make a sound decision. 2.5 Evaluate the decision: For completing a decision-making process one have to first expose to the realities of the business environment. An objective assessment required to turn the problem into opportunity and this implementation does not complete the decision making process. [R.Wayne et al (2005)] 3. Ethical Decision Making: Half of all decisions taken be managers not necessarily solev the problem after all. Most of the time they ignore ethical questions. High ethical and guideline standards needs to put into consideration before performing the management functions. When making unpopular decision such as layoffs, one has to be ethical by giving advance notice and assisting them to find a new job elsewhere or within the organization. Couple of test need to be taken to evaluate oneself, are we making the right decision or not. Firstly ask yourself, â€Å"Are there any legal restrictions or violations that will result from this action? If so, try other alternative course of action. Secondly â€Å"does it ciolate the company code of ehics?† If yes find a different path  to follow. Thirdly ask â€Å"does this mmet the guideline of my own ethical philosophy?† and if the answer is â€Å"yes†, then your decision must still pass two important test. [Gitman et al (2008) The feeling test: now you must ask, â€Å"How does it make me feel?† this will enable yourself to evaluate your comfort level in producing a particular decision. A sense of discomfort will seep in if you’ve make a wrong decision where one will loss of sleep or appetite and my go into depression. Front page of the newspaper test: the final test is the â€Å"front page of the newspaper† the question to be asked is how a critical and objective reporter would report your decision in a front page story. [Gitman et al (2008)] Decision relos: According to Mitzberg: the time managers spend obtaining and sharing information is not an end in itself. The time spent taking to and obtaining and sharing information with people inside and outside the company is useful to managers because it helps them make good decisions. According to Mitzberg, managers engange in four decisional sub roles: entreprenuer, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. [Chuck Milliams (2 005)] 4. Decision Making Models Decision making models: primary decisions making models: the rational model and the bounded rationality model. The rational (also called the classical model), the decisio maker attempts to use optimizing, selecting and best possible alternative. In bounded rationality model (also called the administrative that meet the minimal criteria. [Robert N. Lusssier (2006)]. Making better decisions: modern research shows that managers, who make the best decisions, don’t overanalyze by relying on rational decision making model, nor do they oversimplify by relying solely on their intuition. Instead, many managers utilize a concept refered to as â€Å"recognitional decision making†. Recognition decision making leads to quicker decisions than rational decision making because it integrates the use of memory in the context of a situation in order to develop an immediate feel for the current situation. [Chuck Williams (2005)] 4.1 Classical Model: the classical model of decision model of decision making is based on economic assumptions. This model has arisen within the management literature because managers are expected to make decsisions that are economically sensible and fit the organizations’ best economic interests. The four assumptions underlying this model are as follows: 1. The decision maker operates to accomplish goals that are known and sgreed on. Problems are precisely formulated and defined. 2. The decision maker strives for conditions of certainty, gathering complete information. All alternatives and the potential results of each are calculated. Assign 3. Criteris for evaluating alternatives are known. The decision maker selects the alternative that will maximize the economic return to the organization. 4. The decision maker is rational and uses logic to assign values, order preferences, evaluate alternatives, and make the decision that will maximize the attainment of organizational goals. The classical model of decision making is considered to be normative, which means it defines how a decision maker shouls make decisions. It does not describe how managers actually make decisions so much as it provides guidelines on how to reach an ideal outcome for the organization. 4.2 Rationality: It is frequently said that efective decision making must be rational. People acting and deciding rationality are attempting to reach some goals that can not be attain without action. They must have a clear understanding of alternatives coerces by which a goal can be reached under existing circumstances and limitations. They also must have information and the ability to analyze and evaluate in light of the goal sought. In many respects, the classical model represents an ideal model of decision making that is often un attainable by real people in real organizations. It is most valuable when applied to programmed decisions and to decisions characterized by certainty or risk, because relevant information is available and probabilities can be  calculated. [Richard L. Daft (2005)]. Programmed decisions are design based on the historical data to enable all levael of managers are able to make a decision base on the same situation problems all the time. As such it can be concluded as a set of policy serve as a guideline and also act as a SOP. A non programme are made to situations that are unique, are poorly defined and largely unstructured, and ahev impportant consequences for the organizations. The decision regarding a recall at Toyota is an example of a a non programmed decision. Another good example comes from the financial services industry. Decision to to acquire a company, build a new factory, develop a new product or service, enter a new geographical market, or relocate head quarters to another city are all non programmed decisions. 4.3 Bounded rationality: The administrative model is base on the work of Herbert A. Simon. Simon proposed two concepts that were instrumental in shaping the administrator model: bounded rationality and satisficing. There are limitations to the bounded rationality or boundaries. Organizations are incredibly complex and managers have the time and ability to process only a limitated amount of information with which to make decisions. Because managers do not have the time or cognitive ability to process complete information about complex decisions. Satisficing is a decision made at the first encounter of any situation. Minimal consideration given to consider any alternative. There is no time frame on how long this process will take place. It merely rely on assumptions. 1. Organization decision goals are often not clear, exist dispute and always have disagreement among the managers. 2. Rational method are not often popular amongst managers alike and only confirned to simplistic point of view and does not get the attention of of real organization events. 3. Managers searches for alternative sre kimited because of human, information, and resources constraints. 4. All the decision makers (managers), often prefer the satisficing rather than maximizing solution, partly because they have limited information and partly because they have only unclear for what  constitute a maximizing solution. 4.4 Administrative model: This model is description are charecterized by uncertainty and ambiguity. Most of the management decisions are normally programmeable to lend themselves to any degree of qualification. The decision maker (manager) are unable to decide and economical rational decision. None programmed decisions: are used for unstructured, novel, and ill-defined situations of a nonrecuring nature. Example is the developing of the four wheel drive passenger car by Audi. In fact strategic decision, in general, are none programmed decisions. Most decisions are neither completely programmed decisions. Most decisions are neither completely programmed nor programmed none programmed: they are a combination of both. [Heinz Weihrich et al (2005)]. The administration model of decision making is based on the work of Herbert Simon. Simon proposed two concepts that were instrumental in shaping the administrative model: bounded rationally and satisfying. According to the administrative model: Decision goals are often unclear and disputing in nature and lack of consensus among managers. Managers are often not able to see the problems (opportunity) that exists in the organization. Rational procedure are not often and when they are they are confined to a simplistic view of the problem that does not captiure the complexity of real organization view. 4.4.1. Intuition: another aspect of administrative decision making is intuition. Intuition represents a quick apprehension of a decision situation based on past experience but without conscious thought. [Weston. H, Agor (1986)]. Intuitive decision making is not arbitrary or irrational, because it is based on years of practice and hand-on experience that enable managers (decision makers) to quickly identify solutions without going through pain staking computations. 4.5 Political model: is the model of decision making is often used for making none programmed decisions when conditions are uncertain, information is limited and there is often disagreement among  managers about what goals to pursue or what course of sction to take. The political model closely resembles the real environment in which most managers and decision makers operate. Decisions are complex and invlolve many people, information is often ambigous, and disagreement and conflict over problems and solutions are normal. There are four basic assumptions of the political model. Organizations are made of groups with diverse interests, goals, and values. Information is ambigous and incomplete. Managers do not have the time, resources, or mental capacity to identify al dimension of the problem and process all relevant information. Managers engange in the push and pull of debate t decide goals and discuss alternatives. Decisions are the result of bargaining and discussion among coalitio n members. [Richard L. Daft (2005)] 4.6 The Kepner-Tregoe method: this model combines the oblective approach with some subjectivity. The subjectivity comes from determining â€Å"must† and â€Å"want† criteria and assigning weighted values to them. [Robert N. Lussier (2006)]. The Kepner-Tregoe method is a technique for comparing alternative using the criteria selected in steps 2 of the decision making model.[Robert N. Lussier (2006)]. 5. Individual Decision Making and Group Decision Making Problems in any organization occurs when they were conflict of agreement of certain issues, as such one must decide who should participate to find the solution. As refering to the current trend the management favors increased employe participation. Using to group to improve decision making: according to study reported in fortune magszine. 1 percent of U.S. companies use teams and group to solve specific problem. Individuals who are highly defensive in this manner show significantly greater left prefrontal cortex activiry as measured by EEG than do less defensive individuals. ]Blackhart, G. C., & j. P. (2995)] Group decision making is critically important to meet the current fast moving organozations trends. The informal or formal group exist to reach a consensus and to  discuss a particular problem by creating a short list of acceptable alternatives or deciding on criteria for accepting an alternative. They are known as a support system and supported by electronically to support this system. [Turban, et al (2008)]. Group method invlove in decision making: It always discussed that it only involve a single manager to make a certain organization decision. This individual is responsible for the outcome of decisions under their control. Effective decisions generally combine high quality with acceptance by those affected by the decision. Group bring different resources to the decision making task. [R. Wayne et al (1993)] 5.1 Potential advantages of group decision making: The group has an advantage to make a sound decision on complex issues in comparison the individuals in a organization. Special in case of significant none programmed decision and conditions of risk or uncertainty. – More information, alternatives, creativity and innovation: Generally a group of people contains more information than an individual. Than they can more creatine and innovative. They usually have options and alternative to apply before an effective decision is agreed upon. – Greater communication to the decision: The people engange in the decision making process have greater options in increased communication to implementing the decision. And improved participation in problem solving and decision making is rewarding and personally satisfying to the people and will improve morale and motivitation. – Training. Allowing participation in decision making trains people to work in groups by developing group process skills. 5.2 Potential disadvantages of group decision making: – Wasted time – Satisficing – Domination and goal displacement: A certain sub group may dominate the group decision. Disagreement occurs when there were no 100 percent agreement from overall decision making process rather than pursuing goal of finding the best solution. – Conformity  and group thinking: Inferior feeling and disagreement might crept in before a certain agreement takes precident and the end result will be a conflict. [Robert N. Lussier (2006)]. For creating, creative alternative solutions in groups decision making there are five popular techniques: Brainstorming Synectics Nominal grouping Consensus mapping Delphi technique Brainstoming is the process of suggesting many possible alternatives without alternatives. Synectics is the process of generating novel alternative through role playing and fantasizing. Nominal grouping is the proces of generating of generating and evaluating alternatives using a structured voting method. This proces usually invloves six steps: listing, recording, clarification, ranking, discussion and voting. Consensus mapping is the process of developing group agreement on a solution to a prblem. The Delphi technique involves using a series of confidential questionnaires to refine a solution. [Robert N. Lussier (2006)] 5.3 Personal decision making: Imagine you were a manager at, GM, a local movie theater or the public library. How would you go about making important decisions that might shape the future of your department or company? As we are aware that there is number of factors may effect how a managers make efevtive decisions. For example the decisions may be programmed or non programmed, situations are charactirized by various level of uncertainty, and managers may use the classical, administrative, or political model of decision making. [Richard L. Daft (2005)] 6.0 Innovative Group Decision Making: The critical skill the managers possess to make a high quality decisions is an essential as they have to make majority of decision on their own. Is it practical for the managers make this  decision?No. The rapid face of the business enviromnment calls for just the opposite i.e, for people throughout the organization to be invloved in decision making and have the information, skills, and freedom they need to respond immediately to prblems and questions. Managers bdo make some decisions as individuals, but decisions makers more often are part of a group. Indeed majoir decisions in the byusiness world rarely are made entorely by a single manager. 6.1 Brainstorming is a method a group of people and discuss spontaneously wide range of ideas and policies before decision making. The efective brainstorming are people can be bulid on one anothers idea: number of ideas will be fielded and they will come to an consensus after wide range of ideas is discussed. It also have some drawbacks as there maybe making decision to please the superior or to impress colleagues. Studies found that when four people are asked to â€Å"brainstorm† individually. They typically come up with twice as many ideas as a group of four brainstoming. 6.2 Rigorous debate an efective decision maker (manager) always encourage a rigorous debate of a certain issues. It also recognize that constructive conflict based on divergenr points of view bring a problem into focus, clarify people’s ideas, stimulate creative thinking. Chuck Knight, the former CEO of Emerson Electric, always sparked debate during strategic planning meetings. Knight believed rigorous debate gave people a clearer picture of the competitive landscape and forced managers to look at all sides of an issue, helping them reach better decisions. 6.3 Groupthink pressures for conformity exist in almost any group, and particularly when people in a group like one another they tend to avoid anything that might create disharmony. It has tendency to surpress contrary opinions. When the group thinking mode is activated, maintaining unity will be given priority ather than realistically challenging problems and alternatives. People censur their personal opinion and reluctant to criticize the opinion of others. 6.4 Bailout in the fast paced environment managers are risk takers and learniong from  mistakes. Theyy also not hesitant to pull the plug when something not working. According to researches managers and organizations often continue to invest time and money in a solution despite strong evidence that is not appropriate. This move is knwons as escalating commitment. Managers might take initiative m to simply block or distort negative information because they do not want to be responsible to make a wrong decision. Conclusion The decision making in organizations invloves number of thories and easy to understand. The economic academician has derived methods to assist the decision makers (managers) to derive a good decision in order to avoid making bad decisions. It is very difficult to make good decisions without valid relevant information. It involves choosing between a wider process in problem solving. It can be through either an intuitive or seasoned process, or a combination of the two. There are number of stages to any structured decision making. For important decisions it is woryth always keeping a record of the steps you followed to make the decision. That way, if you n are ever critisized for making a bad decision, you can justify your thoughts based on the information and process you used at the time. Furthermore by keeping a record and enganging with the decision making process, you will be strengthening your under standing of how it works. This can make future decisions more easier for managers. References. 1. James Reason (1990). Human Error.Ashgate. ISBN 1840141042. 2. 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